NEURO Exam #3 AI Generated

400 flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture on neuroscience, including auditory and visual systems, memory types, and relevant brain structures.

Who demonstrated echolocation?

Daniel Kish

What is muscle tone associated with?

Extrapyramidal pathway

Define proprioception

Awareness of body position in space

What type of sleep does not change with age?

REM

what type of sleep does serotonin increase

SWS

What is the function of the dorsal parts of the spine?

Sensation

What is the function of the ventral parts of the spine?

Movement

What genes are activated by clock and cycle genes?

Clock and cycle genes turn on the production of PER and CRY genes.

Where are homuniculi located

Primary somatosensory cortex

What does stage of sleep relates to the lymphatic system?

SWS

What type of sleep does serotonin reduce?

REM

What is the function of the claustrum?

timekeeper

What is neural coupling as per Uri Hassan's research?

synchronization of brain waves

What two systems are synchronized for language processing?

Auditory and motor

What can hearing problems predict?

Dementia

What is sound defined as? A change in ______

air pressure

How is amplitude measured?

decibels

How is frequency measured?

Hertz

What is the function of the outer ear?

Collect sound

What is the role of the pinna in hearing?

Funnel sound

What does the ear canal do?

Carry sound to tympanic membrane.

What does the tympanic membrane do?

Vibrate

Function the middle ear?

Amplify or suppress sound

List the order of parts involved in the middle ear.

Tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window

What are the three bones in the middle ear?

Malleus, incus, and stapes.

What is the function of the malleus?

Collect and focus sound

Function of the incus?

Connects malleus to stapes

What does the stapes do in the auditory pathway?

Push on the oval window

What is the first part involved in the auditory pathway?

Pinna

What does the tensor tympani muscle do?

suppress sound

What is the role of the stapedius muscle?

suppress sound

In which greater system part of the inner ear are the hair cells located?

cochlea

How does the oval window contribute to auditory perception?

Creates waves in cochlear fluid

What is the function of the organ of Corti?

Convert mechanical vibrations into electrical signals

Which part of the basilar membrane to high frequencies affect?

wide stiff base

Which part of the basilar membrane to low frequencies affect?

thin apex

What does temporal coding impact?

Neuron rate of firing

What does place coding impact?

Location of hair cells

Where is the most specific site where transduction occurs?

inner hair cells

What connects the stereocilia on hair cells?

tip links

What happens to ion channels in hair cells when they bend?

K and Ca ion channels opend

What physically distinguishes inner hair cells (IHCs)?

round and small

What is the main role of outer hair cells (OHCs)?

Amplify sound

What do the efferent projections that outer hair cells receive modify?

basilar membrane stiffness

What neurotransmitter is associated with outer hair cells?

Acetylcholine

Where is the cochlear nucleus?

Brainstem

What is the main role of the superior olivary nucleus?

sound localization

What does the inferior colliculi discriminate in auditory processing?

frequency and pitch

What is the location, role of medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)?

thalamus, gateway

What is the primary auditory cortex (A1) known as?

Herschel’s gyrus

What types of sound qualities can neurons react to in A1?

pitch changes, duration, and volume

What are two examples of sounds that the auditory cortex is specially tuned for?

footsteps and speech

What drives sound localization?

superior olivary nucleus

What does high intensity indicate about the localization of sound?

closer

How do cochlear implants stimulate the cochlea?

electrically

What is the high ringing caused by damaged hair cells that is linked with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease?

Tinnitus

What is the primary purpose of the vestibular system?

balance and spatial orientation

What stabilizes images during head movement?

vor

What two structure types are key to the vestibular system?

semicircular canals and otolith organs

What do semicircular canals detect?

rotational acceleration

What do otolith organs detect?

horizontal and vertical movmenet

what otolith organ detects horizontal movment?

utricle

What fluid fills the vestibular organs?

endolymph fluid

What is the first ion that flows into the hair cells when the stereocilia bend toward the kinocilium?

potassium

What is the tallest sterocilia in hair cells?

kinocilium

How does bending towards kinocilium affect hair cell activity, what NT is released?

opens calcium ion channels, glutamate

What cell stage occurs when sterocilia bend away from kinocilium, what happens to firing rate?

hyperpolarization, decreases

One side of your head’s hair cells will increase firing, while the other will decrease firing, allowing brain to compute direction and speed

push pull coding

What phenomenon explains directional detection in the vestibular system?

Push-pull coding allows one side to increase firing while the other decreases when detecting motion.

What do the hair cells experience even at rest?

baseline rate of fire

What disorder is related to dislodged calcium crystals in the vestibular system?

Vertigo

What causes motion sickness?

excessive vestibular excitation

What is the cause of Meniere’s disease?

excess endolymph fluid

What is the most common motion sickness treatment?

diazepam

Why does olfaction have a more direct pathway to the brain?

bypasses BBB

What part of the brain is olfaction heavily interconnected with?

hippocampus

What is the first part of the olfaction pathway (before #1)?

odorant

What is the site of transduction in the olfactory pathway?

cilia

What two parts does the cribiform plate separate?

nasal cavity and olfactory bulb

What does the olfactory bulb contain?

glomeruli

What is the function of mitral and tufted relay cells? Carry info from ___ to ___

bulb, brain

What areas does the olfactory tract project to?

olfactory cortex, amygdala, olfactory tubercule and hippocampus.

What produces new immature olfactory cells?

GBCs

How long is the lifespan of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)?

30-60 days

Glomeruli contain thousands of ____

OSNs

What is anosmia?

loss of smell

What drives the vomeronasal system in other mammals?

VNO

What is a goal of the vomeronasal system?

avoid inbreeding

Blind patients can still navigate and identify objects despite lacking conscious visual perception.

paradoxical sight

Name the first 3 parts of the visual pathway?

cornea, pupil, lens

What do ciliary muscles do?

change the shape of the lens

What protects the eye from UV light and refracts light into the eye?

Cornea

Where is sensory transduction located in the eye?

retina

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the eye?

rods and cones

Which photoreceptors operate in dim light and are insensitive to color?

Rods

What photoreceptor requires more light and enable color vision with high acuity.?

Cones

In the dark, neurotransmitters are released by photoreceptors at a ____ rate.

constant

Light ____ photoreceptor activity, causing _____ phase in cells, decreasing ____ release.

inhibits, hyperpolarization, glutamate

Where is visual acuity highest?

fovea

In which type of bipolar cell is glutamate inhibitory?

on center