Extra notes/ideas to keep in mind

Necessary and proper clause

• Basically authorized the use of implicit powers by Congress to handle their explicit powers→ was to implement its powers

True or false: both state and federal governments provide funding for transportation

True

What has increased consumption of news content and internet through social media led to

Increased number of media outlets for public opinion

Department formally part of the bureaucracy

• Defense, state, treasury

True or false: congress can raise objections with signing agreements

True

Who plays the most crucial role in shaping legislation

• Speaker of House

What are the roles of minority leaders in parties

• Coordinate strategy for their own parties

Shaw v Reno

• Made it unconstitutional to create majority-minority districts under the VRA with race being the only factor in creating districts

True or false: amendments require presidential approval

False

Who controls the national budget

• Congress→ the president CANNOT determine the budget for any department or for the government as a whole

Budget process/interaction between Congress and President

• President can only create recommendations on budgeting and spending for departments, Congress passes appropriations bills that go to committee and are voted on, president approves or vetoes those bills

Line item veto

• Power to reject spending portions within a specific portion of an appropriations bill without rejecting the entire thing

What type of voting have more people reverted to recently

• Split ticket voting→ voting based on a candidate’s ideologies vs their party/party platform

• Also seen with increased dealignment

Class action lawsuit

• civil case where one or more/small group of people represent a larger common group of people who are all victims to the defendant

• Usually in consumer fraud cases

Right to work law

• Don’t need to join a union after getting a job (fuels the free rider problem)

Uncontrollable expenditures:

• things that you can’t change spending on in the short term (social security, medicare, paying interest on federal debts, food stamps)

Continuing resolution

• temporary funds parts of the government until an agreement from negotiation can be reached-> basically a temporary appropriation to prevent government shutdown until a negotiation on an actual budget bill can be reached by congress

Full faith and credit clause

• States that judicial proceedings and decrees by one state need to be honored/respected by another (divorce)

Privileges and immunities clause

• Inherent rights of one person are applied to all states

House ways and means

• the main tax writing/tariff issuing department (also the oldest)

• Controls social security and medicare issues