Unit 5 Diseases, Diagnostics, Procedures

nephrolithiasis

formation of a kidney stone

Renal calculus

kidney stone

Calculogenesis

Formation of a kidney stone

Vesicovaginal fistula

Formation of an abnormal passageway connectung the bladder to the vagina

Nephropathy

Any disease of the kidney

Nephroptosis

Abnormally low position of a kidney

Nephrotic syndrome

Damage to the pores of the glomerulus which causes albumin to leak into urine

Polycystic kidney disease

PKD

Polycystic kidney disease

Degenerative disease of the nephron charecterized by cysts in the kidney

Pyelonephritis

Infection and inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney caused by bacterial infection

Renal carcinoma

cancerous tumor that begins in the epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron

Nephroblastoma

renal cell cancer

Renal failure

Disease in which the kidneys decrease and then stop producing urine

Chronic Kidney Disease

CKD

Chronic Kidney Disease

Progressive damage to the kidney from hypertension, heart failure or diabetes mellitus

Acute Kidney Injury

AKI

End stage renal disease

ESRD

Uremia

Excessive amount of urea in the blood due to kidney failure

Urinary tract infection

bacterial infection somewhere in the urinary tract

Interstitial cystitis

chronic, progessive infection of the bladder mucosa

Radiation cystits

Bladder inflammation caused by irritating effects of radiation therapy

Cystocele

Hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall

Incontinence

Inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder; usually due to spinal cord injury or prostate surgery

Fistula

Abnormal passageway

Albuminuria

Presence of albumin in the urine; caused by damaged pores in the glomerulus

Anuria

absence of urine production by the kidneys due to renal failure

Bacteriuria

Presence of bacteria in the urine; indicitive of an infection

Dysuria

Difficult or painful urination; can be due to kidney stone, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis

Enuresis

Involuntary release of urine in an otherwise healthy individual

Glycosuria

Glucose in the urine; indictive of an elevated blood sugar

Hematuria

Blood in the urine; can be due to kidney stone, cystitis, bladder cancer

Hypokalemia

A decreased amount of potassium in the blood due to a diuretic drug

Ketonuria

Ketones in the urine due to uncontrolled diabetes

Oliguria

Decreased production of urine due to kidney failure

Polyuria

Excessive production of urine due to uncontrolled diabetes

Pyuria

White blood cells in the urine, indicating a UTI

Blood Urea Nitrogen

BUN

Blood urea nitrogen

Blood test that measures the amount of the waste product urea in the blood

Cystometry

Diagnostic procedure that evaluates the function of the nerves to the bladder using a device that is attached to a catheter

Cystometrogram

Graphic recording of a patient’s bladder

CMG

Cystometrogram

Urinalysis

UA

Turbid

cloudy or milky (pertaining to the color of urine when it contains white blood cells)

Urine protein electrophoresis

UPEP

Urine electrophoresis

Urine test performed to detect an abnormal protein

Bence-Jones Protein

An abnormal protein in urine that indicates multiple myeloma

Intravenous Pyelography

IVP

Intravenous Pyelography

Radiologic procedure that uses x-rays and contrast dye to visualize the urinary system (renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra)

Pyelogram

X-ray image of the urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, bladder x-ray

KUB

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder x-ray

radiologic procedure to visualize urinary system to find kidney stones

Nephrotomography

CT scan that uses contrast dye to make images of the kidney to determine the location of a tumor

Renal angiography

X-ray of the renal artery to outline obstruction or blockage

Voiding cystourethrography

X-ray of a patient while urinating; contrast dye is inserted into the bladder through a catheter

Catheterization

Procedure in which a flexible tube is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder to drain urine

Dialysis

Procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient during renal failure

Intake and output

I&O

Intake and output

Procedure that documents the total amount of fluid intake and output (urine, wound drainage, etc.); used to monitor the body’s fluid balance in patients with renal or heart failure, burns, large wounds, or dehydration

Antispasmodic drug

Drug that treats spasms from infection or irritation from cystitis

Diuretic drug

Blocks sodium from being reabsorbed from the tubules into the blood; decreases volume of blood and treats hypertension, heart failure and nephrotic syndrome

Cystoscopy

procedures that uses an instrument to examine the inside of the bladder

Lithotripsy

Procedure that uses a laser or sound waves to break up a kidney stone

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

ESWL

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Lithotripsy that uses several hundred pulses of high-energy ultrasonic shock waves from multiple angles outside of the body

Nephrolithotomy

Procedure in which a small incision is made into the skin and an endoscope is inserted into the kidney to remove a kidney stone

Nephropexy

Procedure to correct a kidney that is in an abnormally low position by suturing it into anatomical position

Renal biopsy

procedure in which a small piece of kidney is removed for analysis to confirm a cancer diagnosis

Transurethral resection of a bladder tumor

TURBT

Transurethral resection of a bladder tumor

Procedure to remove a tumor from the bladder using a resectoscope

Uretroplasty

Procedure that involves plastic surgery to reposition the urethral meatus in a male to correct hypospadias or epispadias

Gynecomastia

Enlargement of the male breast due to hormone imbalance

cryptorchidism

Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum by 9 months of age

epididymitis

infection or inflammation of the epididymis caused by bacterial infection

infertility

inability of a male to impregnate a female after 1 year of regular sexual intercourse

oligospermia

fewer than normal number of spermatozoa are produced by the testes

Orchitis

Infection of inflammation of the testes from bacterial infection, childhood infection of the mumps or trauma to the testes

Seminoma

cancerous tumor of one or both testes

varicocele

varicose vein in the veins of a testis; can cause pain, low sperm count and infertility

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

BPH

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Non-cancerous, gradual enlargement of the prostate gland

Adenocarcinoma

Tumor that begins in a gland

Prostatitis

Acute or chronic bacterial infection and inflammation of the prostate gland

Balanitis

infection and inflammation of the glans penis caused by inadequate hygeine or a bacterial/fungal infection

Chordee

Downward curvature of the penis during an erection caused by a congenital abnormalitity; associated with hypospadias

Dyspareunia

Painful or difficult sexual intercourse caused by infection of the penis or prostate, chordee, or phimosis

Postcoital pain

pain after sexual intercourse

Epispadias

Congenital condition in which the uretal meatus opens at the top of the glans penis instead of the tip

Erectile dysfunction

ED

Erectile dysfunction

Inability to achieve or sustain an erection of the penis; impotence

Hypospadias

Congenital condition in which the urethral meatus is positioned at the bottom of the glans penis instead of its tip

Phimosis

Congenital condition in which the opening of the foreskin is too small to allow it to be pulled back from the glans penis; this traps smegma and can cause infection

Priapism

Abnormal, continuing erection of the penis

Acid phosphatase

Protein used in forensic testing to identify semen stains

DNA analysis

Semen test that used DNA analysis from a crime scene or rape victium or to prove paternity of a child

Genital herpes testing

Test that detects the presenceof the DNA of herpes simplex virus type 2

Hormone testing

Blood test that determines the levels of the hormones FSH and LH from the pituitary gland and testes to diagnose infertility problems

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HIV

HIV testing

Variety of tests preformed on blood, urine, or salvia to detect the presence of HIV

Prostate-specific antigen

PSA

Prostate-specific antigen

Blood test that detects a glycoprotein in cells of the prostate gland