ap psych unit 4 (motivation)

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation driven by internal rewards and personal satisfaction.

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation driven by external rewards or pressures.

Drive-reduction theory

A theory suggesting that motivation arises from the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Yerkes-Dodson law

A principle stating that optimal performance occurs at moderate levels of arousal, with performance decreasing at very low or very high arousal levels.

Set point

The theory that the body has a predetermined weight range that it strives to maintain.

Sexual dysfunction

A problem that prevents an individual from experiencing satisfaction from sexual activity.

Estrogens

A group of hormones that play a key role in the development of female sexual characteristics and reproductive functions.

Testosterone

A hormone that plays a key role in the development of male sexual characteristics and reproductive functions.

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

A theory of emotion that suggests emotions are based on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.

Facial feedback effect

The phenomenon where facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A three-stage response to stress that includes alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Tend-and-befriend response

A behavioral response to stress characterized by seeking social support and nurturing others.

Psychophysiological illness

A physical illness that is influenced by emotional factors.

Type A personality

A personality type characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a high level of stress.

Type B personality

A personality type characterized by a more relaxed, easy-going approach to life.

Free association

A psychoanalytic technique where patients speak freely about their thoughts and feelings to uncover unconscious processes.

Psychoanalysis

A therapeutic approach that focuses on exploring the unconscious mind to understand and treat psychological issues.

Unconscious

The part of the mind that contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are not currently in awareness.

Id

The part of the personality that contains our primal instincts and desires, operating on the pleasure principle.

Ego

The part of the personality that mediates between the id and reality, operating on the reality principle.

Superego

The part of the personality that represents internalized moral standards and ideals.

Oedipus complex

A psychoanalytic concept describing a child's feelings of desire for the opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward the same-sex parent.

Defense mechanisms

Psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety and protect the self from distressing thoughts and feelings.

Collective unconscious

A concept by Carl Jung referring to the part of the unconscious mind shared among beings of the same species, containing universal experiences and archetypes.