Grade 10 Science Review: Chemistry and Biology

Comprehensive flashcards covering Grade 10 Science topics including Chemistry (Acids, Bases, Bonding, Reactions, Equations, and Symbols) and Biology (Cancer, Cell Organelles, Organ Systems, and Cell Division).

pH scale

A scale from 0 to 14 used to measure acidity; 0-6 is acid, 7 is neutral, and 8-14 is base.

Acid

A substance with a pH between 0 and 6; examples include lemon juice, vinegar, and pop.

Base

A substance with a pH between 8 and 14; examples include soap, bleach, and baking soda.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed between a metal and a non-metal where an atom, such as sodium, gives an electron to another, such as chlorine.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed between two non-metals, such as in $H_2O$, where atoms share electrons.

Bohr-Rutherford Shell Rules

The rules for electron distribution: 1st shell = 2, 2nd shell = 8, and 3rd shell = 8.

Oxygen Bohr-Rutherford Configuration

An atom with 8 protons and 8 electrons distributed as 2 in the 1st shell and 6 in the 2nd shell.

Sodium ($Na$) Bohr-Rutherford Configuration

An atom with 11 electrons distributed as 2-8-1.

Chlorine ($Cl$) Bohr-Rutherford Configuration

An atom with 17 electrons distributed as 2-8-7.

Magnesium ($Mg$) Bohr-Rutherford Configuration

An atom with 12 electrons distributed as 2-8-2.

Synthesis Reaction

A reaction where two things combine, following the pattern $A + B \rightarrow AB$.

Decomposition Reaction

A reaction where one thing breaks apart, following the pattern $AB \rightarrow A + B$.

Single Displacement Reaction

A reaction where one element replaces another, following the pattern $A + BC \rightarrow AC + B$.

Double Displacement Reaction

A reaction where elements from two compounds swap places, following the pattern $AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$.

Combustion Reaction

A reaction where a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce $CO_2$ and $H_2O$.

Conservation of Mass

The rule that the number of atoms before a reaction equals the number after reaction; nothing is created or destroyed.

Skull Hazard Symbol

Indicates a substance is poison.

Flame Hazard Symbol

Indicates a substance is flammable.

Exploding Bomb Hazard Symbol

Indicates a substance is explosive.

Corrosion Hazard Symbol

Indicates a substance that burns skin.

Flame Over Circle Hazard Symbol

Indicates an oxidizing substance.

Cancer

A disease where cells divide uncontrollably and form tumors.

Carcinogens

Substances or factors that can cause cancer, such as smoking, UV radiation, and asbestos.

Nucleus

The control center or "brain" of the cell that contains DNA.

Mitochondria

The "powerhouse" of the cell that produces energy in the form of $ATP$.

Cell Membrane

The organelle that controls what enters and leaves the cell, similar to a security guard.

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance inside the cell where organelles are found.

Vacuole

An organelle that stores water, food, and waste; plant cells have a large one while animal cells have smaller ones.

Ribosomes

The organelle responsible for making proteins, referred to as the protein factory.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An organelle that transports materials throughout the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that packages and ships proteins, similar to a post office.

Lysosomes

Organelles that break down waste and old cell parts, acting as a garbage disposal.

Cell Wall

A structure found only in plant cells that supports and protects the cell.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found only in plant cells that use sunlight to make food via photosynthesis.

Arteries

Thick-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart and contain valves.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out.

Mitosis

The process where one cell divides into two identical cells, used for growth and repair.