Exam 5 Definitions Lecture 1

IgE

Eosinophils/ allergies. Allergies, parasites!

Allergies

IgA

MUCOSAL PROTECTION

Antibodies that play a crucial role in mucosal immunity, primarily found in secretions like saliva and tears.

Protects surfaces

IgM

First Antibody made in INFECTION

“MASSIVE FIRST” FIRST RESPONDER

IgD

B-cell Activation. (least tested)

‘DON’T KNOW BALL”

Helper

IgG

Main Antibody.Long term immunity. Goes everywhere “main Gee”

It is the most abundant antibody in blood and extracellular fluid, providing ongoing protection against infections.

Long term fighter

Ig

Immunoglobulins (antibodies) that play crucial roles in the immune response by identifying and neutralizing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

Adjuvant

A substance that enhances the body's immune response to an antigen. Often added to vaccines to improve their effectiveness.

Enhances B cells and T cells

Chemokines

Signaling proteins that attract immune cells to sites of infection or injury. They play a key role in the recruitment and activation of leukocytes during the immune response. They are cytokines

Epitope

specific part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, particularly by antibodies or T-cell receptors and binds to

Hybridoma

a hybrid cell line that produces a specific monoclonal antibody indefinitely. It is created by fusing a specific antibody-producing B cell with a myeloma (cancer) cell.

Isotype

one of five types of antibodies defined by their constant region and function. Isotypes include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE, each playing distinct roles in the immune response.

Classes

Opsonization

Process of attaching opsonins. “Buttering them up to make it appetizing”

Coating to pathogens to enhance phagocytosis by immune cells.

Tolerance

unresponsiveness of the adaptive immune system to antigens as a result of inaction or death of specific T or B cells that recognize those antigens.

Wheal-and-flare reaction

is a type of local inflammatory response characterized by redness, swelling, and itching, often seen in allergic reactions.

Innate Immunity

First line of defense.

Rapid Response (Minutes to hours)

No memory

Neutrophils (PMNs)

“First responders”

Most abundant leukocytes. Short lived. Leave the circulation to the site of infection. They are essential in combating bacterial infections and play a key role in the inflammatory response.

Macrophages

Mature from monocytes.Resident in tissues and also help in tissue repair.

M1- INFLAMMATION

M2-ANTI INFLAMMATORY (tissue repair)

Large phagocytic cells that engulf and digest pathogens and debris. They play a crucial role in initiating and regulating immune responses.

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

Secrete Gamma Interferons IFN-γ to activate macrophages.

A type of lymphocyte in the innate immune system that can recognize and kill infected or cancerous cells without prior sensitization. They play a critical role in the early response to viral infections.

Dendritic Cells

“bridge” between systems; “professional” Antigen- presenting cells that capture, process, and present antigens to T cells, which is essential for initiating adaptive immune responses.

They are vital for the activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

Mast Cells

Histamine release and involvement in allergic responses; they play a key role in inflammatory processes by releasing mediators like histamine.

Microbiomes

The diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that reside in a particular environment, especially in the human body, impacting health, digestion, and immune responses.

Cytokines

Small signaling molecules that mediate communication between cells in the immune system, regulating various immune responses and inflammation.

Can be; Autocrine (self acting), Endocrine (secereted into blood), Paracrine (acting on nearby cells). They play crucial roles in cell growth, differentiation, and immune regulation.

Complement system

A group of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It plays an essential role in innate immunity and can lead to cell lysis, opsonization, and inflammation.

Classical (INNATE) pathway

Lectin (INNATE) pathway

Alternative (Adaptive) pathway