DSM ch 15

Which taste sensation is produced by glutamate or other amino acids?

Umami

The olfactory nerves (CN I) are formed by __________.

axons of the olfactory neurons

Olfaction is the sense of __________.

smell

______________ is the inability to smell

Anosmia

Which of the following classes is not one of the five taste sensations?

spicy

Which of the following nerves is not associated with the sense of taste?

Trochlear

__________ is the process of converting energy in the form of light, sound, movement, or touch into a neural signal.

Transduction

Which papillae of the tongue only contain taste buds in childhood?

foliate papillae

To what part of the brain are both general and most special senses carried?

Thalamus

What nerves carry information about the special senses to the central nervous system (CNS)?

Cranial nerves only

Which of the following bones must the olfactory neurons pass through to enter the central nervous system (CNS)?

The ethmoid bone.

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

parietal lobe

Select the special sense(s).

Vestibular sensation
Gustation
Olfaction
Audition

Where are the general senses located?

skin

What papillae on the tongue are the largest and most numerous?

vallate (or circumvallate) papillae

Mitral cells

Neurons in the olfactory bulb that form the bulk of the olfactory tract

Basal cells

Stem cells that develop into olfactory neurons

Olfactory neurons

Chemoreceptor that detects odorants

Supporting cells

Columnar cells contain a pigment that gives the olfactory epithelium its color

What taste sensation results when sodium ions enter gustatory cells through sodium ion channel receptors and the cell depolarizes?

salty

What is the only special sense that has neurons for receptor cells?

olfaction

Which of the following structures are clusters of receptor cells and supporting cells on the tongue that detect taste sensation?

taste buds

What kind of sensory receptor is an olfactory neuron classified as?

chemoreceptor

Which cell has receptors specialized to detect different tastes?

gustatory cells

What area of the brain integrates visual and olfactory stimuli to give you a complete “picture” of what you are eating?

Frontal lobe

What determines the color of the iris?

The amount of the brown pigment melanin

Which of the following structures is an accessory structure of the eye?

Conjunctiva

Which of the following parts of the eye refract light to focus it on the retina?

Cornea and lens

What area of retina is specialized for detailed vision?

Fovea centralis

Which extrinsic eye muscle elevates the eye and moves it laterally?

Inferior oblique muscle

What type of photoreceptor cell perceives color?

Cone

What is the function of the lens?

The lens focuses light on the retina.

What is the correct sequence of events that occur after light strikes the retina?

Photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells, and optic nerve

What part of the eye is known as the blind spot?

Optic disc

The sclera is continuous with a transparent layer over the anterior eye known as the __________.

cornea

What part of the eye is affected by the highly contagious condition “pink eye”?

Conjunctiva

Loss of vision in one eye would also result in loss of ________________.

stereoscopic vision

The ability of the lens to change its shape from flattened to round is known as __________.

accommodation

The three layers of the eyeball, from outer to inner, are the _______.

Fibrous, vascular, and neural layers

What part of the eye controls the amount of light entering through the pupil?

iris

Hyperopia 

Images focus behind the retina causing blurriness when viewing objects up close

Astigmatism

Irregular lens or cornea that results in blurred vision at all distances

Myopia

Lens cannot flatten enough and bends the light too much which blurs the image when viewing distant objects

Presbyopia

Affects close vision as a result of aging

What pigment is derived from vitamin A?

Retinal

What gland secretes oil to prevent the eyelids from sticking together?

tarsal gland

What units of light stimulate photoreceptor cells in the retina?

photons

What type of photoreceptors are almost entirely responsible for night vision?

rods

What disorder is commonly known as “lazy eye”?

Strabismus

Where does a contact lens sit on the eye?

cornea

Which of the following disorders are Ishihara plates used to diagnose?

Color blindness

Where does each half of the visual field get segregated so that it reaches the opposite hemisphere of the brain?

Optic chiasma

Which of the following cranial nerve(s) innervate(s) the extrinsic eye muscles?

Oculomotor (CN III) 
Abducens (CN VI) 
Trochlear (CN IV)

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

occipital lobe

What structure functions to keep the retina in place and helps maintain eyeball shape?

Vitreous humor

What part of the eye contains the photoreceptors?

retina

The three types of cones that respond to different wavelengths are designated __________.

Red, green, and blue

What structure contains the receptor cells for hearing?

Organ of Corti

What separates the outer ear from the middle ear?

Tympanic membrane

Which of the following structures is not part of the inner ear?

Tympanic membrane

Which auditory ossicle is connected to the tympanic membrane?

malleus

Where are the receptor cells for rotational equilibrium, a type of dynamic equilibrium, located?

semicircular ducts

Which of the following actions demonstrates static equilibrium?

Sitting in a theater watching a movie

What creates the boundary between the air-filled middle ear and the fluid-filled inner ear?

oval window

If you are standing still and then you start moving forward, the endolymph in your inner ear will __________.

move forward more slowly than the hair cells

Where are sound vibrations amplified?

Auditory ossicles

What kind of glands are located in the external auditory canal?

Ceruminous glands

Which of the following sequences of events trigger an action potential in the axon of the cochlear nerve?

1) The basilar membrane moves up toward the tectorial membrane, bending the stereocilia.
2) Bending the stereocilia opens potassium ion channels that depolarize the hair cell.
3) The depolarized hair cell releases neurotransmitters, triggering action potentials in the axon of the cochlear nerve.

Which of the following sources of input is not needed for equilibrium?

cochlea

All neural special sensory signals are relayed to the thalamus, except for the sensation of __________.

olfaction

How is pitch determined?

By which area of the basilar membrane vibrates

The loud sound of a high frequency siren will cause __________.

strong vibrations of the endolymph and basilar membrane at the base of the cochlea

What detects dynamic equilibrium?

Crista ampullaris

Where does the conscious awareness of sound begin, along with the analysis of its pitch, location, and loudness?

temporal lobe

What is the pathway of sound vibrations to the inner ear?

Tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, and oval window

The receptor cells for static equilibrium are located in the __________.

maculae of the utricle and saccule of the vestibule

What are the five common pathway steps special senses follow?

Step 1 — Receptors detect and transduce stimuli.

Step 2 — Neurons of cranial nerves transmit action potentials to the CNS.

Step 3 — Neurons synapse in the thalamus (except those for olfaction).

Step 4 — Awareness occurs in the primary sensory cortices.

Step 5 — The frontal lobe and limbic system integrate the special senses.

The loudness of sound is determined by the vibrations of the __________.

Basilar membrane

What structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

auditory tube

structure(s) found in an ampulla.

Stereocilia 
Kinocilium 
Cupula

Which of the following structures detect rotational movement of the head in any plane?

semicircular canals

Which of the following structures are found in the middle ear?

auditory tube

In which of the following structures is endolymph found?

cochlear duct

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting information about sounds and head position and movement to the brain?

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

What part of the inner ear is involved in hearing?

cochlea