Chapter 19 NUCLEOTODIES PROTEIN SYNTEHSISI

What are chromosomes

Cell Hereditary information located in cell nucleus

WHat are chormosomes composed of

Proteins and DNA

What are the smaller subunits of chromosomes called

GEnes

What are genes

Small segments of Proteins

How is RNA utalized by the DNA

DNA synthesizes RNA to make more proteins

What are the monomers that make make up the nucleuc acids DNA and RNA

Nucleotides

What are the molecules in a Nucleotide

Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4), Pentose Sugar (Sugar with Five Carbon atoms), Nitrogenous base (Base containing Nitrogen Atoms)

What is the difference between the two pentose molecules, B-Ribose and B-Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose does not have an OH groups at the ‘2 carbon

If the pentose if Ribose what is the nucelotide, and the neucleic acid ?

Ribonucleotide

RNA

If the pentose is Deoxyribose, what is the nucleotdie and what is the corresponding nucleic acid?

Deoxyribonucleotide

DNA

Expalin how Nucleic Acids, Nuelcotides, and then the individal pentose, NItrogenous base, and phosphic acid as organized

What are Pyrimidine Ring structure family?

Single ring , 6 Carbon ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms

What is the Purine ring structure family?

Double Ring. 6 carbon ring fused to 5 carbon ring

What are the nitrogenous bases that are pyridine (Single Ring)

Uracil (U)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

What are the nitrogenous bases that are purine structure

How are nucleic acids connected by nucleotides

1) Phosphate group of one nucleotide connects to OH group of second nucleotide

What is the 5’ to 3’ end concept of Nucleic Acid formation

5’ is the start of a Nucleic Acid formation, it is attatched to the 5th carbon of sugar

Ends at 3’ becuase that is where the new phosphate group attatched, the 3’ OH

What does it mean for a DNA strand to be double helix?

Two nucleic acid chains, they run antiparallel to each other.

The base of each chain pairs with the other pair’s bases

Is DNA considered the secondary structure? WHat is considered the primary structure then.

Yes DNA is the secondary structure that builds upon the primary structure of Nucleic Acid chain

What is the complementary base pairs for DNA specifically

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)

Cytesine (C) pairs with Guanine (G)

What type of bonds stabalize DNA stand

Hydrogen Bonds

How many hydrogen bonds do adenine and thymine have

Two hydrogen bonds

How many hydrogen bonds do Guanine and Cytosine have

Three hydrogen bonds

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

DNA stores genetic information, RNA brings that information to do work do make proteins

What direction do the nucleotides face when in the double helix arrangment

Face inwards inside the helix

What are the bases that are seen in RNA, and how do they pair with each other

Adenine - Uracil

Cytosine - Guanine

What is the point of DNA replication?

To copy a strand of DNA

When a DNA segment gets unzipped so both templete strands are broken, what type of bonds are broken?

Hydrogen bonds

What does the enzyme DNA polymerase do

Recognizes the bases in the templete strand and attatches the corresponding bases

What is the point of transcription

To synthesize a new RNA strand

What enzyme is used in transcription?

RNA polymerase

What speicifc strand is RNA syntheized from?

Templete strand is what the RNA polyermase strand reads and builds off of

How does RNA polymerase work?

Reads the templete strand and puts the corresponding ribonucleotdies

Adenine- Uracil

Cytesine - Guaninie

After transcription is complete and mRNA is complete what happens to the two DNA strands?

DNA helix forms again

Where does transcription take place in order to make mRNA?

Nucleus

After transcription where does the new mRNA strand travel

To the ribosome

What are ribosomes made of?

rRNA

What happens in the ribosome

Site of proein synthesis

What are codons

Segments of 3 nucleotides in the mRNA

What are anticodons

Matching 3 nucleotides carried by the tRNA that are complementary to the codons carried by the mRNA

What does tRNA do?

Bring the matching anticodon to the ribisome holding the mRNA strand

What are the defining characteristics of the structure of tRNAx

Three loops

1st Loop: Carries the anticodon nucleotides

2nd Loop: Acceptor stem, where amino acid is attatched

What is the point of translation?

info from mRNA. is used to synthesize a protein