HIST 1120 FINAL

Socialism

An ideology advocating for economic equality over political equality, based on class struggle and the replacement of capitalism by _______.

Anarchism

Ideology against all authority, promoting a communist society through community democracy and rejecting capitalism as a source of disorder.

Nationalism

A concept with two faces - liberal idealist nationalism promoting inclusivity and democracy, and imperialistic/militarist nationalism becoming exclusionary and authoritarian.

Fascism

A counter-enlightenment ideology seeking to turn back the clock, destroy communism, restrict freedoms, and promote militarism, with a cult of leader and elite interests.

Dictatorship

A right-wing trend in interwar Europe, with old elites radicalized by fear of communism, leading to the rise of fascists like Mussolini and Hitler.

Cold War

A period of ideological conflict between two superpowers, characterized by proxy wars and realpolitik, with the Traditional, Revisionist, and Post-Revisionist perspectives on its causes.

Detente

A period from 1963 to 1979 marked by disarmament efforts, international summits, and proxy wars outside Europe, aiming to reduce tensions between the superpowers.

Collapse of the USSR

• Stagnation causes: Brutal repression, economic stagnation, physical stagnation, 1980s crisis.

• Gorbachev's reforms: Perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness).

• End of USSR: Break-up leads to the creation of the Russian Federation

Khrushchev's Liberalization

Aimed to liberalize and end repression in the Soviet Union after taking over in 1953.

Cold War Arms Race

Khrushchev faced the challenge of the unwinnable arms race during the Cold War, which consumed state resources.

Brezhnev's Stagnation

(1964-1985) where old leaders strategized to stay in power.

Gorbachev's Reforms

Introduced Perestroika (restructuring) and Glasnost (openness) to strengthen the USSR, inadvertently leading to its downfall.

Yeltsin's Presidency

Became the first President of the Russian Federation, clashing with the Parliament and engaging in military interventions in Chechnya and Dagestan.

Liberalism

• 19th-century liberalism akin to 21st-century conservatism.

• Focus on individual liberty and limited government intervention.

Russian Revolution (1917):

• Core reasons for 1917: Crisis of the old order, popular rebellion, revolutionary leadership.

• Short-term factor: Russian involvement in WWI.

• Long-term factor: Absence of a liberal revolution, crisis of Tsardom.

Appeasement and the Czech Crisis

• UK gave in to Hitler’s demands to avoid war

• 1938: Munich Conference, Sudetenland gifted to Hitler

• Anti-communism and fear of another war led to appeasement

The Crisis Years (1929-1939)

• 1929: Wall Street Crash

• 1931: Japan invades Manchuria

• 1933: Hitler comes to power, begins rearming

• 1935: Mussolini invades Abyssinia

• 1937: Sino-Japanese War

Road to WWII

• Long-term: Social-Darwinism, nationalist rivalries, imperialism

• Short-term: Fall of the Versailles Treaty, League of Nations failure

• Appeasement allowed Hitler to rise

• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) led to WWII

• 1939: War officially begins

The Scramble for Africa

• Race for “a place in the sun”

• UK and France dominated, Italy and Germany played catch-up

• 1884 Berlin Conference expanded imperialist powers

The Two Faces of Nationalism

• Liberal idealist nationalism: inclusive, democratic

• Imperialistic/militarist nationalism: exclusionary, authoritarian

• First type pre-1850, second after 1871 Franco-German war

Industrialisation

The process of developing industries on a large scale, characterized by the shift from agrarian economies to manufacturing and urbanization.

Feminism

A movement advocating for the equality of the sexes, with a focus on women's rights, social, political, and economic equality.

Imperialism

A policy or ideology of extending a nation's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

Social Darwinism

A theory that applies Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection to human society, justifying social inequality and imperialism.

Nietzsche

A German philosopher who challenged traditional morality, advocating for the "will to power" and the idea of the "Übermensch" (Superman)