PEACE & CONFLICT PAPER 1 NOTES

Comprehensive vocabulary terms and definitions covering peace types, conflict resolution strategies, justice models, and just war theory.

Negative Peace

The absence of direct violence, war, or fighting, though conflict may still exist underneath according to Johan Galtung.

Positive Peace

According to Johan Galtung, the absence of violence AND the presence of justice, including protected human rights, equality, good governance, and economic opportunities.

Structural Violence

Harm caused by social, political, or economic systems, with examples including poverty, racism, unequal education, and gender discrimination.

Peacemaking

Efforts to end conflict through negotiation, mediation, and diplomacy with the goal of reaching an agreement and ending violence.

Mediator

A neutral third party who helps conflicting parties reach an agreement, such as Norway in the Colombia peace process.

Facilitator

A third party who organizes dialogue between conflicting parties.

Guarantor

An actor who ensures that a peace agreement is respected by the involved parties.

Ceasefire

A temporary halt in fighting that provides an immediate reduction in violence but can be easily broken.

Peace Accord

A formal agreement addressing root causes of conflict, such as the Colombia Peace Accord.

Power-Sharing Agreement

A political arrangement where power is distributed between groups, such as the Zimbabwe GPA ($2008$).

Comprehensive Peace Treaty

A formal agreement that addresses political, economic, security, and social issues.

Peacekeeping

The deployment of international personnel to monitor a ceasefire and prevent fighting from starting again.

Traditional Peacekeeping

Peacekeeping characterized by consent, neutrality, and minimum force, as seen in UNFICYP (Cyprus) and UNTSO.

Multidimensional Peacekeeping

Peacekeeping that includes military, police, and civilian experts to handle governance, elections, human rights, and institution building, exemplified by MINUSTAH (Haiti).

Robust Peacekeeping

Peacekeeping that can use force beyond self-defence to protect civilians and neutralize armed groups, as seen with MONUSCO in the DRC.

UNMIL (Liberia)

A peacekeeping case study characterized by reduced violence and successful DDR implementation, though it was costly and dependent on international support.

UNAMID (Darfur)

A peacekeeping mission that faced challenges such as resource shortages and host government restrictions.

Peacebuilding

The process of creating conditions for sustainable peace by addressing the root causes of conflict.

Disarmament

The first component of DDR which involves the collection of weapons.

Demobilization

The second component of DDR which involves disbanding armed groups.

Reintegration

The final component of DDR which involves returning fighters to society.

Reconciliation

The process of healing divided communities and rebuilding trust through dialogue, acknowledgement, and reparations.

Retributive Justice

Justice focused on punishment and accountability, prioritizing deterrence and the rule of law.

Restorative Justice

Justice focused on healing, dialogue, and reconciliation to build trust and community healing.

Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRCs)

Bodies designed to discover the truth, record abuses, promote healing, and recommend reparations.

Spoilers

Actors who oppose peace because it threatens their interests, such as warlords or rebel groups.

Just War Theory

A set of principles used to determine if going to war is morally justified and if the conduct during war is ethical.

Just Cause

The Just War principle that war must be for a morally valid reason such as self-defence or preventing genocide.

Right Intention

The Just War principle that the real goal of military action must be peace or protection, not power or resources.

Legitimate Authority

The Just War principle that war should be authorized by a recognized body like a government or the UN Security Council.

Last Resort

The Just War principle requiring that all peaceful options, such as negotiation or sanctions, have been tried first.

Probability of Success

The Just War principle that military action should have a realistic chance of improving the situation.

Proportionality

The Just War principle requiring that the benefits of intervention outweigh the harm caused.