Landscape management midterm

Explain Landscape Management. What are the “components” and “tools” of Landscape Management?

Landscape Management is sustainable action ensuring regular landscape upkeep to guide and harmonize changes driven by social, economic, and environmental processes [19, 3.5].

Components:

Legislation

Administrative Bodies

Plans

Policies

Ethics

Tools: Planning/Design: Hierarchy of spatial and thematic plans. Administrative Bodies: International, national, and local governing units. NGOs: Acting as an interface between communities and administrations. Certification Systems: Frameworks like SITES, LEED, and GreenMetrics.

Describe Hierarchy of Norms

The Hierarchy of Norms refers to the structured ranking of legal and planning instruments where higher-level documents provide the framework for, and take precedence over, lower-level ones. In the context of landscape and environmental management, this hierarchy is organized in three main ways: 1. Legislative Hierarchy The legal authority of documents follows a descending order of power: Laws (Highest) Statutory Decrees Council of Minister’s Decisions Regulations Statements, Circulars, Directives, Instructions, and Resolutions (Lowest). 2. Planning Scale Hierarchy Spatial plans are organized by scale, where upper-tier strategic decisions guide lower-tier implementation: Spatial Strategy Plan: 1/250,000 or 1/500,000 (Highest scale/Strategic) Environment Plan: 1/50,000 or 1/100,000 Master Plan: 1/5,000 or 1/25,000 Implementation Zoning Plan: 1/1,000 (Lowest scale/Detailed).

What is plan based thinking on scale

Plan-based thinking on scale is a hierarchical approach to spatial planning where different levels of plans address specific geographical extents and detail levels, ranging from national strategies to local implementation. The Scale Hierarchy: Spatial Strategy Plan (1/250,000 – 1/500,000+): National or regional level; links country development policies to spatial strategies. Environment Plan (1/50,000 – 1/100,000): Regional, basin, or provincial level; provides general land-use decisions and ensures protection-use balance. Master Plan (1/5,000 – 1/25,000): City or settlement level; determines development directions, population densities, and main transportation systems. Implementation Zoning Plan (1/1,000): Parcel level; provides the final, detailed rules for building and infrastructure projects

Describe Landscape Policy and Politics. What are the differences in between them?

Landscape Policy is the expression by public authorities of general principles, strategies, and guidelines that enable specific measures for the protection, management, and planning of landscapes. Landscape Politics refers to the science or art of governing, the exercise of authority, and the organizational process of managing a political entity or "Affairs of the City". Key Differences: Definition: Policy is a "principle" or overall plan of goals; Politics is the theory and practice of governance and authority.

Describe administrative based structure of landscape management

Central Government (National): Includes the President, Ministers, and Governors. Local Government: Includes Metropolitan/District Mayors and Muhtars who manage local quality of life and Cittaslow memberships. International/Transfrontier: Involves cooperation between states for shared landscape values, such as the European Landscape Convention. NGOs: Serve as the vital interface between local communities and formal administrative bodies.

-What are the basic ministries in Turkey related to Landscape Management? Forward at least 3 of them and describe their roles

Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change: Holds "Supreme" power through Special Environmental Protection Areas (SEPA) plans, which can veto others. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry: Holds "High" power over water use via River Basin Management Plans (RBMP). Ministry of Culture and Tourism: Manages cultural and tourism preservation regions

What is “Landscape Charter”? How many “Landscape Charters” are there? Why? Forward names of the three of them

A Landscape Charter is a formal declaration of fundamental principles designed to support the active stewardship, advocacy, and enhancement of regional landscapes. It serves as a guiding framework for professionals and a frame of reference for decision-makers to coordinate landscape-related issues. There are multiple regional charters (covering major global regions like Europe, Africa, Asia-Pacific, and the Americas) because landscapes result from unique combinations of biophysical, cultural, and social processes that require specific regional protection from inappropriate development. Three examples include: IFLA Europe Charter. IFLA Asia-Pacific Region Landscape Charter. Charter of the Landscape of the Americas.

What are the aims of European Landscape Convention?

The primary aims of the European Landscape Convention are to: Promote the protection, management, and planning of all European landscapes. Organize European cooperation regarding landscape issues. Encourage national landscape policies that include everyday landscapes, not just exceptional ones. Reinforce landscape as a shared value across different cultures through transfrontier cooperation.

Describe Spatial Planning System. What is the main legislative document in Turkey about it?

Spatial Planning Systems coordinate practices and policies to influence the distribution of people and activities across various scales. They integrate disciplines like land use, urban, regional, and environmental planning at international, national, regional, and local levels. In Turkey, the main legislative document is Zoning Law no. 3194 (İmar Kanunu). This is supported by the Regulation for the Generation of Spatial Plans, which establishes the planning hierarchy to ensure a balance between protection and sustainable development

Describe the spatial alterations happened within the Environmental Plan of Istanbul throughout the years. Benefit from graphics to support your texts. Discuss them regarding landscape management.

The spatial alterations in the 1/100,000 Environment Plan of Istanbul reflect a transition from a conservation-oriented strategic vision to one dominated by "Mega Projects" and urban expansion. Sustainability vs. Sectoral Growth: Projects like "Coastal Mega Projects" prioritize economic growth over the "sustainable development" principles outlined in the European Landscape Convention

Describe Special Plan. What are the Special Plan Types in Turkey?

Special Plans are planning instruments governed by specific laws that act as exceptions to the general Zoning Law (no. 3194). These plans often possess "Supreme" power, allowing them to override local municipal decisions to ensure the protection of specific natural, cultural, or strategic assets. Bosphorus Law (no. 2960): Special Environmental Protection Areas (SEPA/ÖÇK), Metropolitan Municipality Law (no. 5216)

Describe the “difference between” Urban Design Project and Urban Design Guideline. Forward “basic information” about one of the urban design guidelines in Turkey

Urban Design Project: A site-specific implementation plan at varying scales that provides detailed arrangements for building masses, open spaces, and street textures. It establishes functional relations like transport, parking, and pedestrian circulation while expressing a unique urban identity. Urban Design Guideline: A strategic framework or manual (often appearing as a "Handbook") that establishes the design principles, standards, and tools that urban design projects must follow to ensure consistency and quality. Handbook for Preparing Urban Design Guidelines for Local Governments Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. Basic Info: Created under the "Şehir 2023" vision, it provides a methodology for municipalities to develop their own specific guidelines. It ensures that future design projects respect the natural, historical, and cultural characteristics of the local area while addressing modern infrastructure needs

Describe the “difference between” Master Plan and Implementation Zoning Plan?

Master Plan (Nazım İmar Planı): Scale: Typically 1/5,000 to 1/25,000. Purpose: Establishes general land use, future population densities, development directions, and main transportation systems. Implementation Zoning Plan (Uygulama İmar Planı): Scale: Detailed 1/1,000. Purpose: Provides all detailed rules for specific projects, including building conditions, parcel-level decisions, and technical infrastructure.

Describe Long Term Development Plan and why it is important due to landscape management

A Long-Term Development Plan (Uzun Devreli Gelişme Planı) is a specialized planning instrument used at varying scales for areas with characteristic resource values, such as national parks, nature parks, nature conservation areas, and wetlands, Based on Analytic Study (data collection on natural, cultural, and socio-economic structures), Synthesis, and Planning. Its primary purpose is to ensure the protection, development, and long-term sustainability of natural resources, ensuring they are protected from insensitive development while allowing for managed public access and conservation

Explain Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) plans. Which administrative authority is responsible for them? Forward “basic information” on two ICZM plans in Turkey of your choice.

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM/BKAY) plans are interdisciplinary, strategic instruments focused on the "Ecological Edge" where terrestrial and marine ecosystems interact. These plans adopt an integrated approach to coordinate all sectoral activities, social issues, and economic goals while ensuring the protection of coastal ecosystems and natural resources based on sustainable development.
İskenderun Körfezi: marine transportation, pollution monitoring, and ecosystem protection at a 1/50,000 scale
Artvin-Rize: 1/100,000 scale project integrates coastal strategies with spatial planning to manage the unique geographical and ecological thresholds of the Eastern Black Sea region

Explain "Slow City. Forward “detailed information” about one of them.

Slow City (Cittaslow) is a global network focused on local identity, "slow" tourism, and urban quality of life. These cities are defined as Socio-Ecological Landscapes where the community's way of life is intrinsically tied to the health of the surrounding environment. Akyaka situated at the "Ecological Edge" where the Azmak River meets Gökova Bay Its status requires strict pedestrianization and the preservation of local architecture

Describe Special Environmental Protection Area. Forward names of the two of them.

Two examples are Gökova and Köyceğiz, meaning its 1/25,000 scale conservation plans can veto local municipal authority and other spatial plans. These areas strictly regulate construction and land use to protect sensitive biodiversity, such as Mediterranean Monk Seal or Otter habitats. Any landscape intervention within a SEPA must be approved by the central government’s "Protection Boards"

Select a river basin that is currently facing environmental challenges and examine it from a landscape management perspective.

Eğirdir Lake Basin, Significant pollution and water loss Basin mismanagement directly threatens the town's Cittaslow (Slow City) identity and its function as a Drinking Water Basin

What are “UN-based” Sustainable Development Goals? Forward the most related ones with our discipline. Describe the relation.

Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11):
Life Below Water & Life on Land (SDGs 14 & 15)
Climate Action (SDG 13) SITES
Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3): WELL and SITES

Describe SITES Certification System and its interplay with ecosystem services.

SITES is a global framework for certifying the sustainability and resilience of landscape design, development, and management. It serves to protect and regenerate ecosystem services—natural processes that benefit humans—based on the categories defined in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005. The interplay focuses on four service types: Supporting: Necessary for all other services. Provisioning: Products like food and water. Regulating: Benefits such as carbon sequestration and climate regulation. Cultural: Nonmaterial benefits like recreation and aesthetic experiences. Using a 200-point system, SITES evaluates performance in protecting these services through measures like water supply retention, biodiversity enhancement, and hazard mitigation

-Describe UI Green Metrics in a detailed way and discuss its role in Turkiye.

The UI GreenMetric World University Ranking is a global framework initiated by Universitas Indonesia in 2010 to evaluate green campuses and environmental sustainability. It is designed to measure the commitment and initiatives of universities worldwide in combating climate change through energy and water conservation, waste recycling, and green transportation.

Describe WELL certification in a detailed way. What are its parameters? Discuss it through landscape architecture and landscape management.

Launched in 2014, WELL is the world’s first building standard focused exclusively on enhancing human health and wellbeing through the built environment. Air, Water, Nourishment, Light, Movement, Thermal Comfort, Sound, Materials, Mind, and Community prioritizing the human-nature interaction: Projects earn points through preconditions and optimizations to achieve Bronze, Silver, Gold, or Platinum certification. Active Design (Movement). Environmental Quality (Materials/Air):. Site Selection. Management Models

Select a landscape that you are familiar to and discuss it through SİTES.

Akyaka (Ula) is a prime example of a "Sentinel Landscape"—a place where environmental changes are felt intensely—and can be discussed through SITES as follows: Site Context & Habitat: Located in the Gökova SEPA, Akyaka aligns with SITES’ mandate to conserve aquatic ecosystems and habitats for threatened species like the Mediterranean Monk Seal and Otter. Water & Soil Management: The required 50-meter "no-build" buffer for the Azmak River and the ban on "hard" paving (concrete) directly support SITES’ goals for water supply retention, erosion control, and soil permeability

Select a landscape that you are familiar to and discuss it through WELL

Akyaka (Ula), as a Cittaslow and Socio-Ecological Landscape, can be evaluated through the WELL Certification framework by focusing on its 10 concepts to enhance human health and well-being. Landscape Management Perspective From a management standpoint, Akyaka represents a WELL Core approach where the Local Municipality (Cittaslow) and Central Government (SEPA/Ministry) must collaborate to maintain these health-centric features. This ensures that the "Sentinel Landscape" continues to provide the ecosystem services necessary for the physical and mental well-being of its residents and visitors

3 cultural assets

Natural heritage

Cultural heritage

Festival & events

Heritage cycle

understanding

valueing

caring

enjoying

Monument

a monument or memorial to perpetuate the memory of any person or thing.

Memorial value

Present day value

Monument value with focus on landscape

Memorial Value ( Age value, ) Stonehenge, protecting

Forward 5 cases of monument

Intentional monument Taj Mahal (India),

Unintentional (historic) Column of Constantine

Age value: Stonehenge

Use value Taskisla

Art value Sydney Opera House

3 historic towns that have changed

Hasankeyf, Turkey flooding by dam has changed and people rellocation

Mardin, Turkey Emigration of christian communitys

Dubrovnik, War and tourism

Canal Istanbul current legal and planning

It was first not accepted but environment plan is adjusted and is now fully integrated

Compare Canal Istanbul with at least one of the other internaJonal canal projects

Panama channel, other canals solve geographical problem Istanbul canal not

transformation Atatürk airport

closure
legal challenges cause of mussing ppans

opening of the nation’s garden

ETBAR

ETBAR must assess the area's biodiversity and ecological characteristics across at least four seasons

Shift in authority natural protection sites

Responsibilities were not shared anymore but more clear

Ministry of Culture and Tourism: cultural heritage

Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change: natural protected areas

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry: watershed and water resource management

Development Agencies

NUTS2 regions; promote regional economic development; landscape unity

types of Hydrological Basins

Closed (no see outlet)

Transboundary (national borders)

Open (Drains into sea)

What are RBMP and why critical for Türkiye

RBMPs are strategic tools to protect water resources, improve water quality, ensure sustainable use, and coordinate sectoral policies

Describe Environmental JusJce. Select a case study

Environmental Justice means fair treatment of all people regardless of race, income, or origin in environmental decision-making and protection. The Ilisu Dam Project

Landscape democracy

Landscape Democracy is a form of planning where all citizens participate equally — directly or through representatives — in shaping landscapes and open spaces

ICZM Authority and case study

ICZM plans aim to ensure sustainable coastal use, balance conservation and development, and coordinate land–sea interactions across sectors like tourism, urban development, and environment. by Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, Birds and unique beaches