Biology Exam Review - Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on circulatory and respiratory systems, blood components, and immune responses to assist in exam preparation.

Transport

The movement of substances within the body, including oxygen and nutrients.

Blood pH

Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45.

Temperature Regulation

Normal body temperature is approximately 100.4°F.

Hematocrit

The percentage of red blood cells present

Plasma Composition

About 91% of plasma is water.

Hemopoiesis

The production of blood cells.

Granulocytes

A category of white blood cells that includes neutrophils and eosinophils.

Neutrophils

The most common type of granulocyte.

Capillary Migration

The ability of white blood cells to squeeze through capillary walls.

Deoxygenated Blood

Blood that lacks oxygen, found in the right side of the heart.

Apex of the Heart

The flat part of the heart where the larger blood vessels connect.

Cardiac Output

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.

Conduction System

Includes the pathways and signals responsible for heart contractions.

Action Potential

An electrical impulse that triggers heart contractions.

Respiration

The process of breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.

External Respiration

Gas exchange that occurs in the lungs.

Upper Respiratory Tract

Includes organs such as the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.

Tracheostomy

Surgical procedure to create an opening in the trachea for airflow.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Type of tissue found in the alveoli to facilitate gas exchange.

Pleural Cavity

Space between the pleura surrounding each lung, helps with lung expansion.

Compliance

The ability of the lungs and thoracic cavity to expand easily.

Anatomic Dead Space

Parts of the respiratory system where no gas exchange occurs.

Pulmonary Gas Exchange Factors

Includes partial pressure of gases, surface area, and diffusion.

Oxygen Release Factors

Increased acidity and temperature enhance oxygen release from hemoglobin.

Systemic Circulation

Pathway that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Vascular Resistance

The resistance blood encounters as it flows through vessels.

Muscle Activity

Promotes venous blood flow through contractions.

Inferior Vena Cava

Vein that drains blood from the lower part of the body.

Superior Vena Cava

Vein that drains blood from the upper part of the body.

Lymphatic Organs

Includes primary organs like the thymus and secondary organs like lymph nodes.

Innate Immunity

Nonspecific defense mechanisms of the body.

Signs of Inflammation

Redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Opsonization

Process of marking pathogens for destruction by immune cells.

B Cells

Lymphocytes that produce antibodies.

T Cells

Lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity.

Memory Cells

Long-lived immune cells that respond quickly upon reexposure to an antigen.

Passive Immunity

Immunity acquired through antibodies from another organism.

Active Immunity

Immunity that results from the direct immune response to an antigen.

Peristalsis

The wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the gastrointestinal tract.

Gastric Juice

Digestive fluid secreted by the stomach, containing hydrochloric acid.

Hydrochloric Acid

A strong acid produced in the stomach to assist in digestion.

Pancreatic Duct

Tube that transports digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine.

Liver Functions

Includes bile production, metabolism, and detoxification.

Hepatic Artery

Supplies oxygen-rich blood to the liver.

Villi in the Small Intestine

Tiny projections that increase surface area for absorption.

Chemotrypsin

An enzyme that aids in protein digestion.

Ileocecal Sphincter

Regulates the passage of material from the small intestine to the large intestine.

Aldosterone

Hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels.

Respiratory Acidosis

Condition caused by increased carbon dioxide levels.

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Cells that regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

Filtration in Kidneys

Process that filters blood to form urine.

Reabsorption

Process of reclaiming water and solutes from filtrate back into the blood.

Tubular Secretion

The process of transferring substances from blood to the urinary filtrate.

Concentrated Urine

Urine that contains a high concentration of solutes.

Urea

A waste product formed from the metabolism of proteins.

Study Strategies

Review notes, understand concepts, and practice with previous exams.

Circulatory System

The system responsible for transporting blood and nutrients throughout the body.

Respiratory System

The system that facilitates breathing and gas exchange.

Cardiovascular Centers is found where in our brain stem

Areas in the brainstem medulla oblongata that regulate heart rate and blood pressure.

Blood Flow Dependence

Blood flow is dependent on blood pressure and vascular resistance.

Reservoir of Blood

Veins and venules serve as reservoirs for blood storage.

Radial Artery

An artery in the forearm where pulse can be felt.

Primary Lymphatic Organs

Organs where lymphocytes are produced, such as the bone marrow and thymus.

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

Organs that house mature lymphocytes, such as lymph nodes and spleen.

T Lymphocytes

Type of white blood cell involved in the adaptive immune response.

Antibody Secretion

Process by which plasma cells produce antibodies to fight pathogens.

Plasma Cell

Differentiated B cell that secretes antibodies.

Agglutination Reaction

Antibodies causing pathogens to clump together.

Functions of the Stomach

Includes storage and digestion of food through gastric juices.

Nutrient Absorption

Process by which nutrients from digested food enter the bloodstream.

Maturation of Lymphocytes

The process by which B and T cells develop and become functional.

Hydration Regulation

Maintaining proper fluid balance in the body.

Carbon Dioxide Transport

The process of carrying CO2 from tissues back to the lungs.

Blood Composition

Made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Cholesterol Metabolism

Liver processes fats from the diet and produces bile.

Chyme

Partially digested food mixed with gastric juices in the stomach.

Digestive Enzymes

Proteins that facilitate the breakdown of food.

blood helps with

oxygen, regulate body temp, protection, clotting cascade, PH

hematopoesis

the process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow.

hemoglobin

a protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and carries it throughout the body.

different types of white blood cells ?

basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte.

Neutrophils

The most common type of white blood cell, part of innate immunity, primarily protecting against bacterial infections.

Eosinophils

White blood cells that are primarily involved in combating parasitic infections and play a role in allergic responses.

Basophils: INFLAMATORY

Least abundant white blood cells that release histamine during allergic reactions and help protect against parasites.

Lymphocytes: T Cells

A type of agranulocyte involved in cell-mediated immunity, protecting against viruses and cancer cells.

Monocytes: B Cells

A type of agranulocyte that produces antibodies, crucial for protein fighting against infections., and differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells.

Granulocytes: BEN

Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. These cells have granules in their cytoplasm and are involved in the immune response.

Agranulocytes

Include lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) and monocytes, which lack granules and have a role in adaptive immunity.

diapeded/ immugration

squezz through capillare walls

who are knoe for phagocitiz cell

neutol marco momocytes

thromboctyes: plates

Megakaryocytes that mature Large bone marrow cells that produce platelets for blood clotting.

hormone that developed Megakaryocytes

Thrombopoietin from megakaryocytes regulates platelet production.

Hemostasis

The process that prevents and stops bleeding, involving the formation of a blood clot. It includes vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

Thromboctyes

Plates derived from megakaryocytes that are crucial for the process of hemostasis, helping to form plugs at injury sites in blood vessels.

plamas proteins

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.

who’s in charge of the diease process

Globulins are proteins involved in the immune system's response to pathogens, including their role in the coagulation cascade.

Fibrinogen

A plasma protein that is essential for blood clotting, as it is converted into fibrin during the coagulation process.