AP psych unit 5

What is the difference between the Walter Cannon’s fight-or-flight theory and the Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome?

Fight or flight is short term with an immediate reaction, there are no stages. On the other hand, GAS is long-term with ongoing stress, it has three stages

Health psychology

explores the impact of psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors on health and wellness.

Psychoneuroimmunology

a branch of health psychology that focuses on mind body interactions

What are the three types of stressors?

1) Catastrophes- large scale disasters

2) Significant life changes/ transitions

3) Daily hassels and social stress

approach and avoidance motives

the drive to move forward or away from a stimulus

tend-and-befriend response

under stress, people (especially women) tend to give and receive support from others.

Stress

process in which we perceive and respond to stressors

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in three phases

1) alarm reaction

2) resistance

3) exhaustion

Coronary heart disease

leading cause of death in most countries-clogged heart vessels

Type A personality type

competitive, anger driven, and impatient people

Type B personality type

Easygoing and relaxed people

Catharisis

“releasing” aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges

→ BUT this is not effective and anger just brings more anger

What is the transaction model?

Richard Lazarus’s model showing how stress is a “transaction” between you and your environment using primary and secondary appraisal.

Cope

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. Some of which include problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping.

Problem-focused coping

addressing stressors directly

ex) making a to-do list

Emotion- focused coping

when we can’t change a stressors we relieve stress by avoiding/ignoring the stressors and attending our emotional needs

ex) meditating or binge eating

Personal control

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

Internal locus of control

the perception that we can control our own fate

External locus of control

The perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

Self control

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.

Positive psychology

Building what is right (Grit, Hope, Gratitude, Flow). Scientifically studying human flourishing.

• Created by Martin Seligman

Subjective well being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life used along with measures of objective well-being

What are Seligmans 3 pillars of the positive psych movement?

1) positive well being

2) Positive traits

3) positive groups, communities, and cultures

Feel good- do good phenomenon

Peoples tendency to be helpful when in a good mood. The reverse is also true.

Disease model

Fixing what is broken (anxiety, depression, schizophrenia). This was the old model before positive psychology.

Adaption- level phenomenon

Our tendency to form judgments relative to a natural level defined by our prior experience.

• part of The Hedonic treadmill

ex) the first chilly day of fall feels colder than the same temperature in mid winter

The nun case study

Researchers analyzed essays written by 180 nuns in the 1930s the coded them for emotional content. It was found that cheerful nuns lived longer and positively has a direct measurable impact on this longevity.

The Hedonic treadmill

people feel happy or sad for a little while after good or bad things happen, but then they go back to feeling about the same as before (baseline).

What are some things that lead to happiness?

• high self esteem

• positive lasting relationships

• optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable outlook

• work/ leisure that engages their skills

• faith

• Sleeping well and exercising

Broaden and build theory

positive emotions broaden awareness, which helps people build skills over time boosting well being

What are the 6 categories of Charcter strengths and virtues?

Part of Seligmans 3 pillars:

1) wisdom

2) courage

3) humanity

4) justice

5) temprance

6) transcendence

What is wisdom from the categories of Charcter strengths and virtues?

creativity, curiosity, judgment, love of learning, and perspective

What is courage from the categories of Charcter strengths and virtues?

bravery, honesty, perseverance, and zest

What is humanity from the categories of Charcter strengths and virtues?

kindness, love, and social intelligence

What is temprance from the categories of Charcter strengths and virtues?

forgiveness, humility, prudence, and self-regulation

What is trancendence from the categories of Charcter strengths and virtues?

appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, and spirituality

What is justice from the categories of Charcter strengths and virtues?

fairness, leadership, and teamwork

What is the state of “flow”?

Created by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, it is the optimal experience where a person is fully immersed in an activity.

Resiliance

the personal strength that helps people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate anxiety

mindfullness meditation

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a non judgmental and accepting manner.

Psychological disorder

a disturbance in peoples thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that cause distress or suffering an impairs daily life

What are the 4 Ds when considering if someone has a psychological disorder?

1) Deviance- not the “norm”

2) Distress- feeling internal emotional pain (not from a specific incident)

3) Dysfunction- you are not adjusting to what needs to be adjusted

4) Danger- you are a danger to yourself and or others

Medical model

Philippe Pinel’s idea that mental illness as a physical disease requiring a “hospital” rather than a prison.

Diathesis stress model

a disorder happens when vulnerability and stress combine

ex) If someone has a family history of depression and experiences a stressful event they develop depression

Epigenetics

How the environment can influence genetic expression

The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th addition (DSM-5-TR)

widely used system for classifying psychological disorders, provides common language for clinicians

Eclectic approach

approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

What is the cognitive perspective on psychological disorders?

disorders stem from illogical thought processes and “cognitive distortions”.

• Overgeneralization

What is the behavioral perspective on psychological disorders?

Phobias are learned through classical conditioning.

What is the Psychodynamic perspective on psychological disorders?

Unresolved childhood conflicts and unconscious thoughts

What is the Humanistic perspective on psychological disorders?

Lack of social support and the inability to fulfill one’s potential

What is the cognitive perspective on psychological disorders?

Maladaptive, thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions

What is the biological perspective on psychological disorders?

Genetic or physiological predispositions

What is the evolutionary perspective on psychological disorders?

maladaptive forms of behaviors that enabled human survival

What is the sociocultural perspective on psychological disorders?

problematic social and cultural contexts.