1.1 Cardiac Anatomy and Circulation

anterior

something situated at or directed toward the front of a structure, body, or object

posterior

situated at or toward the back of a structure

arteriole

a small-diameter blood vessel that branches off from larger arteries and connects to microscopic capillaries

bifurcation

location of something dividing into two parts or branches

capillary

the smallest blood vessels in the body that connect arteries to veins, facilitating the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste

caudal

toward the feet

cephalad

toward the head

confluence

structures, lesions, or cells that flow or merge together to form a single, continuous mass

infarction

medical term for tissue death (necrosis) caused by a lack of oxygen and inadequate blood supply, in the heart, death of heart tissue leading to a heart attack (myocardial infarction)

inferior

toward the feet, or an object relatively lower

superior

toward the head, or an object relatively higher

medial

toward the middle of a structure

lateral

away from the middle of a structure

mediastinum

the central compartment of the chest cavity located between the lungs

orifice

a natural opening, hole, or vent in the body

ostium/ ostia

a small mouth, opening, or entrance into a tubular organ or body cavity

venule

an extremely small blood vessel that connects capillaries to larger veins

vein

blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood back to your heart

how many chambers does the heart have

4

the heart beats approximately ______ times a day

100,000

the heart pumps approximately ______ liters of blood each day

8,000

the heart lies in the _______

mediastinum

the ____ and ____ are the most anterior chambers

RA;RV

the RA receives oxygen-poor blood from the

IVC, SVC, and coronary sinus

LA receives oxygen-rich blood from the

left and right pulmonary veins

these chambers make up the systemic pump

LA;LV

these chambers make up the pulmonary pump

RA;RV

the heart has ___ valves

4

what are the atrioventricular valves called

tricuspid, mitral

tricuspid valve separates the

right atrium and ventricle

mitral valve separates the

left atrium and ventricle

how many cusps does the mitral valve have

2

what is the largest valve

tricuspid

what are the three additional parts of AV valves

annulus, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles

annulus

insertion site for cusps/ leaflets

chordae tendineae

attach leaflets/ cusps to papillary muscles

papillary muscles

come out of ventricular walls, adjusts tension, prevents prolapse

what are the semilunar valves called

pulmonic, aortic

pulmonic valve separates

RV; PA

aortic valve separates

LV;Ao

out of the AV and SL valves, which are bigger?

AV valves

this valve is most anterior (top of image)

pulmonic

LA receives _____ blood from _____

oxygen-rich; pulmonary veins

RA receives _____ blood from _____

oxygen-poor; IVC, SVC, coronary sinus

how many papillary muscles does the LV have

2, anterior and posterior that anchor mitral valve

LV can have this feature

false tendon

mitral valve cusp names

anterior, posterior

aortic valve cusp names

noncoronary, right coronary, left coronary

what is the order of the aorta segments

aortic root, ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta

what are the three branches off the aorta

innominate (brachiocephalic), left common carotid, left subclavian artery (left vertebral arteries)

what branches off of the innominate artery

right subclavian, right common carotid, right vertebral arteries

the descending aorta is divided into

thoracic and abdominal

the only veins to carry oxygen-rich blood

pulmonary veins

how many papillary muscles does the RV have

3

RV has this special feature in the apex

moderator band

what special features might you also see in the RA

Chiari network or Eustachian valve

chiari network

a delicate, web-like or thread-like anatomical structure found inside the right atrium of the heart. It is a congenital (present at birth) remnant of fetal development caused by the incomplete absorption of the embryonic sinus venosus valves

eustachian valve

a crescent-shaped fold of tissue at the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium of the heart. It is a remnant of fetal development

the wall of the RA has a _______ surface of _______ muscle

trabeculated; pectinate

crista terminalis (terminal crest)

a crescent-shaped muscular ridge inside the right atrium of the heart, from fetal circulation

tricuspid valve cusp names

anterior, posterior, septal (medial)

pulmonic valve cusp names

anterior, left, right

only arteries that carry oxygen-poor blood

pulmonary arteries

coronary arteries

supply heart with oxygen-rich blood

why are coronary arteries unique

they fill during diastole

coronary sinus

largest cardiac vein, site of lowest oxygen saturation in the body

what are the three layers of the heart wall called

endo, myo, epicardium

endocardium

innermost layer, thin layer of epithelium

myocardium

middle layer, pumps the heart

epicardium

outermost layer of the heart, inner layer of the pericardium

pericardium

encloses heart and protects from trauma/ infection

serous pericardium

visceral, parietal

pericardial space

contains serous fluid to prevent friction, never more than 50 mL

fibrous pericardium

rough, outermost layer of pericardial sack

cardiac circulation order

deoxy blood from IVC, SVC, CS to

RA, TV, RV

RV, PV, PA

PA to Lungs

Lungs to Pulm. Veins

Pulm Veins to LA

LA, MV, LV

LV, AoV, Ao

Ao to Body

arteries to veins order

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

blood flows from _____ to _____ pressure

high; low

the right side of the heart is the ______ system

pulmonic

the left side of the heart is the ______ system

systemic

purpose of valves

ensures blood flows in a forward (antegrade) direction

mitral valve size

4-6 cm²

tricuspid valve size

7-9 cm²

aortic valve size

2-5 cm²

pulmonic valve size

2-4 cm²

two main coronary arteries from the aortic root

right and left coronary artery (RCA, LCA)

left main coronary artery bifurcates into the

left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx)

the ____________ determines a person’s coronary artery dominance

posterior descending artery

all coronary veins confluence into the _______

coronary sinus