Gender and work

When did Begeny conduct his study?

2021

What was Begeny et al 2021 method?

They conducted a meta analysis of studies into gender, race and work.

What did Begeny et al 2021 find?

Found that dominant groups (white, men) seen as more suitable for leadership roles. so those non-dominant groups may not feel as able to seek out roles but also may not be offered them.

What is role congruity theory?

If someone sees themselves as similar to societal expectations of a role they feel more suited to it.

What is ambient belonging?

Unconcious feeling of fit/exclusion based on the persons environment

Social identity theory - Tajfel

If you feel your identity is impaired dont perform as well in roles.

What was Begeny et al 2021 method

While diversity has increased in some STEM areas it is still not equal. Conducted a study in vet science. Gave managers two performance reviews. Identical except one was man one was woman.

What did Begeny et al 2021 find?

Found that those managers who didnt believe gender bias was happening were more likely to rate female employees less competent, offered them a lower salary and gave worsened treatment to them. Biases affect the whole of womens careers

Whats some evaluation for Begeny et al 2021?

Argue men may feel uncomfortable in female fields = less likely to partake. but argue this is a result of masculinity norms enforced and followed by men.

When was Danbold and Unzueta’s study conducted?

2019

What was Danbold and Unzueta 2019 method?

Used surveys to measure where people feel the line is for ‘enough’ diversity.

What did Danbold and Unzueta 2019 find?

They found dominant groups to believe that diversity is achieved lower than when non-dominant groups feel it is. They lower bars of diversity to maintain social hierarchies.

When did Danbold and Unzueta think group differences were strongest?

when evaluating: whether an organisation is diverse enough, when ones group status is threatened, when a non-dominant group was a numerical minority.

When did Cheryan et al conduct their study?

2017

What was Cheryn et al 2017 method?

Critical review of literature surrounding biases in STEM subjects

What did Cheryan et al 2017 find?

They found that masculine norms (role congruity) can prevent many girls from getting involved. also due to lack of experiences in subject fields. finally self efficacy gaps - girls dont think theyre as good as those subjects than boys.

What year did Eagly and Karau conduct their study?

2002

What theory was used by Eagley and Karau 2002

Role congruity theory.

What did Eagley and Karau 2000 find?

Found that differences between stereotyping of women and leaders which leads to two types of prejudice: descriptive and prescriptive.

What is descriptive stereotyping?

Bad evaluations of womens leadership potential, arguing that they don’t hold the qualities leaders require.

What is prescriptive stereotyping?

Bad evaluations of womens leadership potentials because holding leadership qualities are less favourable for women.

When was Heilman et al’s study?

2024

What did Hielman et al 2024 find?

Descriptive stereotypes = lack of fit and discrimination in workplace

Prescriptive stereotypes = gender discrimination based on flouting gender stereotypes

When did Schein et al conduct their study

1996

What did Schein et al 1996 find?

Looked at successful managers male and female. Found support for think manager think male, most successful had male traits

When did Williams and Tiedens conduct their study?

2016

What did Williams and Tiedens 2016 find?

Looked at backlash effects, found women recieved more backlash for dominance. Lower likelablity and hierability for dominance.

Double bind - cant be dominant because of judgement, cant be not because wont be seen as a leader.

When was Morgenroth et al study conducted?

2020

What was Morgenroth 2020 method?

Meta analysis of lots of studies into the glass cliff effect.

What did Morgenroth et al 2020 find?

Women or ethnic minoritiesselected for ceo position to do with glass cliff. Idea theres three things

1. women traits fit with needing someone, time of need

2. signalling change to outside things

3. because of prejudice.

When was Mor Barak et al’s study conducted?

2016

What did Mor Barak et al 2016 find?

Meta analysis into diversity in work, found that promoting greater diversity in management associated with increased job satisfaction, commitment and retention.

When did Levine et al carry out their study?

2014

What did Levine et al 2014 find?

Ethnic diversity reduces price bubbles by reducing conformity and increasing critical thinking

When was Georgeac and Rattan’s study carried out?

2023

What did Georgac and Rattan 2023 find?

Looked into business case, argued using this promotes idea diversity should only be used to increase profits, not caring about equality or justice.

Can make individuals feel sad, like theyre only for profit. Not cared for

When did Kim et al conduct their study?

2018

What did Kim et al 2018 find?

Lean in messages make women feel responsible for causing and solving inequality. Preference for women changing as opposed to society, this diverts attention from the need for systematic change. Effects weaker if it can be explained by structural aspects.

When did Hodges et al conduct their research

2013W

What did Hodges et al find?

Wom expected to both be mothers and work. Men not face this.