Chapter 25: Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards

These vocabulary flashcards cover the essential terms regarding fluid compartments, electrolyte balance, and acid-base disturbances from the Chapter 25 lecture notes.

Fluid balance

When the amount of fluid you take in equals the amount you lose, keeping the water and salts in your body evenly distributed.

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Fluid located within our cells, making up about two-thirds of all body fluid.

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Fluid found outside of cells, including fluids surrounding tissue and blood plasma.

Interstitial fluid

Fluid that surrounds cells outside of the blood, composing a large part of extracellular fluid.

Preformed water

Water that comes from food and drinks, about 2300 mL each day.

Metabolic water

Water that your body produces (about 200 mL daily) during reactions like respiration.

Sensible water loss

Water loss that can be measured, like the amount lost through urine and feces.

Insensible water loss

Water loss that isn't easily measured, such as what's lost through breathing and skin.

Obligatory water loss

Water loss that happens no matter what, like breathing and losing some urine.

Facultative water loss

Water loss that can be controlled by hormones

Volume depletion

A fluid imbalance that happens when the loss of fluid is greater than the intake, like with severe burns.

Dehydration

A condition where you lose more water than you lose salts, leading to thicker blood.

Hypotonic hydration

Also called water intoxication; happens when too much water is taken in compared to salts, swelling cells.

Fluid sequestration

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in parts of the body, seen in conditions like edema.

Hypernatremia

A condition where there is too much sodium in the blood.

Hyponatremia

A condition where there is too little sodium in the blood.

Hyperkalemia

A situation where there is too much potassium in the blood.

Fixed acid

Acids produced by the body from metabolism, regulated by the kidneys.

Acidosis

When the blood pH drops below 7.35, indicating increased acidity.

Alkalosis

When the blood pH rises above 7.45, indicating decreased acidity.

Respiratory acidosis

A common issue where blood carbon dioxide levels are too high.

Respiratory alkalosis

A problem where blood carbon dioxide levels are too low, often due to hyperventilation.

Metabolic acidosis

A condition where bicarbonate levels are too low in the blood, often due to excess hydrogen ions.

Metabolic alkalosis

A condition where bicarbonate levels are too high in the blood, often due to vomiting.

Renal compensation

Kidneys respond to acid-base issues by adjusting excretion of acids and reabsorption of bases.

Respiratory compensation

Changing the breathing rate helps to correct metabolic acid-base problems.

Sodium (Na+)

The most common positive ion in the fluids outside of cells.

Chloride (Cl-)

The most common negative ion in the fluids outside of cells.

Phosphate (PO4)

The most common negative ion found inside cells.

Potassium (K+)

The most common positive ion found inside cells.

Angiotensin II

released when blood pressure is too low. constricts blood vessels. decreases urine output

ADH

aka Vasopressin. stimulates thirst center. decrease blood osmolarity. decreased urine output

Aldosterone

in response to Angio II. decreased sodium and increased potassium.

ANP

inhibits Ang II, aldosterone, and ADH. causes vasodilation

Physiological buffer system

long term regulation of acid-base balance through respiratory and renal mechanisms.

chemical buffer system

short terms regulation. (-)proteins, phoshate, and bicarbonate.

a buffer system

stops pH from changing so quickly

where protein buffers work

in blood and cells

where do phosphate buffers work

within the cells

where do bicarbonate buffers work

in the ECF, particularly in blood

drives potassium and glucose into cells

insulin

hypothamus

induces thirst

metabolism

the rate of chemical reactions. thyroid controled

diabetic ketoacidosis

a serious complication of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, ketone buildup, and acidosis.

epineprine (sympathetic)

pumps potassium into cells. decreases urine output. controls speed of heart

norepinephrine

stimulate renin release. decreases urinary output. controls heart contraction