Chapter 9-12 AP200

Hem/o hemat/o

blood, pertaining to the blood

Phagocytes

A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes. eat or swallow

Red blood cells

Erythrocyte, red

remember, RBCs do have have nucleus and do not have DNA

Composition of blood

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

Component of plasma

Water is most abundant , more than 90%Albumin(most abundant protein).fibrinogen and globulin

Serum

plasma without clotting factors

What Hemopoiesis?

formation of blood cells, as example erythropoiesis

Thrombus vs embolus

Thrombus = stationary clot in arteries

embolus = dislodged traveling clot in arteries

CBC

complete blood count

CBC with differential

look at WBCs monocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgb, HGB)

total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood

Hematocrit (Hct)

percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood

polycythemia

A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood

Leukemia

cancer of white blood cells

Thrombocytopenia

low platelet count

Anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume to carry hemoglobin to maintain homeostasis

pernicious anemia

Lack of intrinsic factors

Function of basophil

release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant

Function of eosinophil

kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma

Function of neutrophil

phagocytize bacteria

Function of monocytes

phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues

Erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow

Universal blood donor

Type O

universal reciepient

Type AB

How blood type determined

By the antigen on the RBCs' surface

Blood type A positive may receive blood from what blood type?

A+, A- o+,o-

Blood type A negative may receive blood from what blood type?

A-, o-

What are the two main component of blood?

Plasma and formed elements

What are the three types of blood cells and mention function of each.

RBCs, WBCs, Platelets, see your text book for functions

sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

aplastic anemia

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

pernicious anemia

Caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency or intrinsic factor deficiency

Tachycardia

fast heart rate

Bradycardia

slow heart rate

Endocardium

inner lining of the heart

Myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

Pericardium

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

serous membrane

inner layer is visceral/ epicardium and it is in direct contact with the heart

outer is parietal pericardium

pericardial cavity is in between

Atria

superior heart chambers

ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart

which structure separate the right atrium and the lefty atrium?

interatrial septum

Which structure separate the right and left ventricles?

interventricular septum

What are the AV valves?

Tricuspid and Mitral (bicuspid ) valves

What are the semilunar valves?

pulmonary and aortic valves

What is the function of cardiac valves?

direct flow of blood through the heart chambers and allow one way flow to prevent backup flow

function of papillary muscles

contract when ventricles contract to prevent AV valves from opening

The function of the chordae tendinae is to

anchor the atrioventricular valves to papillary muscle

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

sinoatrial node (SA node)

Systole

Contraction of the heart

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart

EKG/ECG

electrocardiogram

Explain EKG waves

P Wave- SA node fires (Atrial depolarization)

QRS- AV Node fires (Ventricular depolarization)

T- Ventricular repolarization (relaxing) (takes longer than atrial repolarization)

Each small box is 0.04 seconds (know that)

5 small boxes in 1 big box which is 0.2 seconds

Cardiac Output (CO)

Amount of blood pumped in 1 minute (~5 L)

Stroke Volume (SV)

The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction/ per beat

Which blood vessels Carry blood to the heart

veins

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries

Which type of blood vessels have valves to prevent back flow?

Veins

Compare arteries and veins

Arteries are bigger and carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart. Arteries usually carry oxygenated blood, while veins carry deoxygenated. Arteries usually work with gravity, while veins work against it. Arteries have thicker walls (because they have a higher blood pressure) and are more elastic and muscular. However, both still have the same number of layers (3) in their walls. (Arteries just have a thin elastic layer in their middle layer.) Veins also function as blood reservoirs.

Blood pressure definition

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

Normal blood pressure in average weight adult

120/80

Death of myocardial tissue

myocardial infarction

varicose veins

abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs

Aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

angina pectoris

chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen

Thrombophlebitis

inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation

Vein drains the lower part of the body

IVC

Vein drains the upper part of the body

SVC

Biggest artery in the body

Aorta

Biggest vein in the body

Saphenous vein

carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

SVC and IVC

Receives blood from IVC and SVC

Right Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

left atrium

four pulmonary veins return blood from the lungs

When blood leaves right atrium and path through tricuspid valve will enter in--

Right ventricle

Blood leave the right atrium through

Tricuspid valve

Blood leave the right ventricle through

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Blood leaves the left atrium through

Mitral/ Bicuspid valve

Blood forced to ------- to leave left ventricle

Aorta

Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Aorta

What is the correct sequence of vessels that blood travels as it leaves the heart?

Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle?

Aortic semilunar valve

what chamber forms the inferior surface of the heart?

Right ventricle, left ventricle and right atrium

What chamber forms the anterior surface of the heart?

right atrium, right ventricle and part of left ventricle

posterior surface of the heart

left ventricle, left atrium and right atrium

What chamber form the apex of the heart?

Left ventricle

AV valves vs SL valves

AV valves are entry valves, SL valves are exit valves

Angina vs MI

angina-squeezing pain; relieved with NTG, exertion increases pain

MI-sharp pressure pain, more serious than Angina.

CABG

coronary artery bypass graft

angioplasty and stent

balloon inserted in blood vessel to expand it, then a stent is placed inside to hold the vessel up

endartrectomy

removal of plaque from artery

primary pacemaker of the heart

sinoatrial (SA) node

Secondary pacemaker of the heart

atrioventricular (AV) node

carotid arteries

the large neck arteries, one on each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head

brachial artery

artery of the upper arm; the site of the pulse checked during infant CPR

femoral artery

the major artery supplying the leg

common iliac artery

Terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, supplies pelvic organs

axillary artery

artery that carries oxygenated blood to the axilla (armpit) area

renal artery

blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

celiac trunk artery

The liver, stomach and spleen receive their blood supply from celiac trunk

Which is not a component of the lymphatic system?

Veins

The fluid circulated by the lymphatic system is called

lymph

The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which is derived from plasma, is called

lymph or lymph fluid