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Classical vs. operant conditioning

Classical involves mostly involuntary reflex and is very visceral, while operant is mostly voluntary, spontaneous responses

Classical conditioning

* Ivan Pavlov
* a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus
* Helps organisms anticipate events  
* Ex: dark clouds anticipate rain or thunder

Rules for classical conditioning

* Multiple pairings of CS and the US necessary
* CS+US must be presented close enough together in time

Stimuli and Responses in classical conditioning

* Neutral stimulus
* Unconditioned stimulus
* Unconditioned response
* Conditioned stimulus
* Conditioned response

First Order Conditioning

The bell+food will get the dawg to salivate

Second Order Conditioning

Presentation of light + bell will get the dawg to salivate

Acquisition

initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

* When the association is made

Generalization

the tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Discrimination(in terms of conditioning)

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance after a pause of an extinguished response

Operant conditioning

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished by a punisher

Law of Effect (Edward Thorndike)

rewarded behavior is likely to occur again

Shaping

operant conditioning procedure in which one’s actions are gradually guided towards the desired behavior

Successive approximations

a method of shaping operant behavior by reinforcing responses similar to the desired behavior

Discriminative stimulus

the antecedent stimulus that has stimulus control over behavior because the behavior was reliably reinforced in the presence of that stimulus in the past

Instinctive drift

* the tendency of some trained animals to revert back to instinctual behaviors

Reinforcer

any event that strengthens a desire to do that

Primary reinforcer

An innately reinforcing stimulus 

Often satisfies a biological need

ex: water food sleep

Secondary reinforcer

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; ex: saying to a toddler, “You did it!” and then the toddler gets a chance to play with a toy.

Positive reinforcement

* Add a desirable stimulus
* Getting a hug; receiving a paycheck

Negative reinforcement(negative means removing something, not something bad)

* Remove an aversive stimulus
* Fastening your seatbelt to stop the beeping

Positive Punishment

a positive punishment is when you give something to someone they don't want; a parking ticket

Negative Punishment

where something is being taken away that is desired; cellphone

Fixed ratio

* Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses 
* Ex: purchase 12 oil changes, get 1 free

Variable ratio

* Reinforces response after an unpredictable number of responses
* Ex: slot machines

Fixed interval

* Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
* Ex: weekly paychecks

Variable interval

* Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
* Ex: pop quizzes

Biological preparedness

a specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others

* Could explain why certain fears are more common
* Ex: spiders, snakes, and heights
* Genuine threat to our ancestors

Contingency

an animal can learn the predictability of an event

Cognitive learning

focuses on the mental processes that occur during learning

Martin Seligman

big name in learned helplessness

Insight learning

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

* Wolfgang Kohler with the chimpanzee and the peanut

Latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Edward Tolman with the rat mazes

Intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Overjustification effect

offering excessive rewards for an already internally rewarding behavior can lead to a reduction in intrinsic motivation

problem-focused coping

includes all the active efforts to manage stressful situations and alter a troubled person-environment relationship to modify or eliminate the sources of stress via individual behavior.

Emotion-focused coping

is when you try to deal with your emotional response to the stressor. If you are trying to reduce, eliminate, or simply tolerate your emotional response to a stressor, then you're using emotion-focused coping

Locus of control

you have a control to figure out the problem

External locus of control

when you don't think you can control a problem

Observational learning

* learning by observing others
* Also called social learning
* Albert Bandura is the big name (bobo doll experiment)
* Modeling: watching dad drive overtime makes it easier for you to drive

Mirror Neurons

* Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
* The brains mirroring of another action may enable imitation and empathy

Biofeedback

* Teaches people to gain voluntary control over bodily processes like heart rate and blood pressure
* May involve autonomic nervous system