Chemical bonding • Definition – the chemical bond is a l

Chemical Bond

A link between atoms that results from mutual electrostatic attraction of their nuclei for electrons.

Octet Rule

Elements are more stable when they have full valence shells.

Intramolecular Bonding

Force of attraction within the molecule.

Intermolecular Bonding

Force of attraction between two or more molecules.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons.

Ionic Bond

A type of chemical bond formed through electrical force between oppositely charged ions.

Hydrogen Bond

Electrostatic attraction between hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms and the lone pair of another electronegative atom.

Localized Covalent Bond

A bond formed when two atoms share electrons concentrated in a limited region of a molecule.

Delocalized Covalent Bond

A bond formed when several atoms share electrons, occurring in a conjugated pi system.

Van der Waals Forces

Weak attractions between molecules due to temporary or permanent dipoles.

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

Electrostatic attractions occurring between opposite poles of permanent dipoles of different molecules.

London Forces

Weak interactions between molecules without permanent dipoles caused by momentary changes in electron density.

Types of Reactions

Classified by structural change as substitution, addition, elimination, rearrangement, and redox.

Homolytic Bond Breaking

Bond breaking in which each of the bonded atoms retains one of the shared electrons.

Heterolytic Bond Breaking

Bond breaking in which one atom retains both electrons from the bond.

Radicals

Unpaired electron species that can act as attacking reagents.

Electrophiles

Electron-deficient species or electron acceptors.

Nucleophiles

Electron-rich species or electron donors.

Inductive Effect

The transmission of charge through a chain of atoms in a molecule due to electrostatic induction.

Mesomeric Effect

The effect attributed to a substituent due to the overlap of p- or π-orbitals, introducing or extending delocalization.