APES Unit B Test

H

Hydrogen

C

Carbon

N

Nitrogen

O

Oxygen

F

Fluorine

Na

Sodium

Al

Aluminum

P

Phosphorus

Cl

Chlorine

K

Potassium

Ca

Calcium

As

Arsenic

Cd

Cadmium

Hg

Mercury

Pb

Lead

U

Uranium

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

CH4

Methane

SO2

Sulfur Dioxide

H2SO4

Sulfuric Acid

NH3

Ammonia

H2CO3

Carbonic Acid

NH4+

Ammonium

NO2-

Nitrite

NO3-

Nitrate

PO4^3-

Phosphate

Temperature vs Thermal Energy

Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance, while thermal energy refers to the total energy of all particles in a substance.

Organic Carbon

Carbon compounds primarily from living organisms.

Inorganic Carbon

Carbon compounds that are not primarily derived from living organisms.

Hydrocarbons

Compounds consisting only of hydrogen and carbon, often found in fossil fuels.

Chemical Reaction

A process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.

Boiling Water

Not a chemical reaction because it is a physical change, not altering chemical composition.

Combustion

A chemical reaction that involves the burning of hydrocarbons, producing heat, carbon dioxide, and water.

Mass

A measure of the amount of matter in an object, typically measured in kilograms.

Weight

The force exerted by gravity on an object, often measured in newtons.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of all electromagnetic radiation, including frequency and wavelength.

Conduction

The process of heat transfer through direct contact between materials.

Convection

The transfer of heat by the physical movement of fluid (liquid or gas).

Radiation

The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves.

Oxygen Sag Curve

A graphical representation showing the change in dissolved oxygen levels as pollution increases.

pH

A measure of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Acid Rain

Rainfall that has been made acidic by atmospheric pollution, primarily from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

Montreal Protocol

An international treaty designed to phase out substances that deplete the ozone layer.

Ozone Depletion

Reduction of the ozone layer caused by chemical substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Solubility of Solids

The ability of a solid to dissolve in a solvent (e.g., water).

Solubility of Gases

The ability of gases to dissolve in a solvent, influenced by temperature.

Surface to Volume Ratio

A property that describes how the surface area of an object relates to its volume, important for living structures.

Ozone (O3)

A molecule made of three oxygen atoms, significant for its role in blocking UV radiation.

Water Pollution

Contamination of water bodies by harmful substances.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Oxygen dissolved in water, crucial for aquatic life.

Suspensions

Mixtures in which particles are dispersed throughout a liquid or gas but are not fully dissolved.

Aqueous Solutions

Solutions where water is the solvent.

Melting

Solid to liquid

Freezing

Liquid to solid

Vaporization

Liquid to gas

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Sublimation

Solid to gas

Deposition

Gas to solid