catalyst flashcards

condition of complete combustion of alkanes

excess O2 + heat/ignition

catalyst of halogenation of alkanes

UV light or heat

condition of incomplete combustion of alkanes

limited O2 + heat/ignition

catalyst of incomplete combustion of alkanes

limited O2 + heat/ignition

catalyst of hydrogenation of alkenes

Pt/Pd/Ni

catalyst of hydrohalogenation of alkenes

no catalyst needed

catalyst of hydration of alkenes to alcohols

trace acid catalyst (H⁺)

catalyst of hydration of an alkyne

Acid catalyst

catalyst of full hydrogenation of alkynes to alkanes

Pt/Pd/Ni/Rh

catalyst of partial hydrogenation of alkynes to cis-alkenes

Lindlar catalyst

catalyst of hydrohalogenation of alkynes

no catalyst needed

catalyst of halogenation of alkynes

no catalyst needed

catalyst of electrophilic aromatic substitution of benzenes

Lewis acid (AlCl3 or FeCl3)

catalyst of halogenation of benzenes

Fe or FeX₃

catalyst of nitration of benzenes

H₂SO₄

catalyst of sulfonation of benzenes

Concentrated H₂SO₄

the catalyst of friedel-crafts alkylation of benzenes

AlCl₃ or FeCl₃

catalyst of friedel-crafts acylation of benzenes

AlCl₃ or FeCl₃

the catalyst of dehydration of alcohols to alkenes

Heat + strong acid

the catalyst of the oxidation of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde

PCC

catalyst of the oxidation of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid

Jones reagent or KMnO₄

catalyst of the oxidation of a secondary alcohol

any oxidizing agent

catalyst of the condensation of 2 alcohol molecules into an ether (acid catalyzed condensation of alcohols)

Heat + strong acid

catalyst of the addition of alcohol to alkenes (ether formation)

Acid catalyst

catalyst of the formation of ethylene oxide (epoxide)

Ag catalyst + heat + pressure

catalyst of a williamson (unsymmetric)ether synthesis (reaction of alkoxide with an alkyl halide)

no catalyst needed

the catalyst of peroxyacid epoxidation of an alkene into an epoxide and acid

no catalyst needed

catalyst of ring opening reactions of epoxides into alcohols

acidic/basic conditions

catalyst of the oxidation of aldehydes into carboxylic acids

any oxidizing agent

catalyst of the hydrogenation of aldehydes/ketones into alcohol

Pt/Pd/Ni

the catalyst of the addition of an alcohol to an aldehyde/ketone (Hemiacetal/hemiketal and acetal/ketal formation)

H+

catalyst of the addition of an alcohol to a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water (Fischer esterification)

strong acid catalyst

catalyst of the acid hydrolysis of esters to produce a carboxylic acid and alcohol

acid + heat

catalyst of the base hydrolysis of esters (saponification) to produce a carboxylic acid anion (acid salt) and alcohol

base + heat

catalyst of ether reduction into primary alcohols

LiAlH₄

which is NOT a catalyst of the reduction of nitro compounds to prepare amines

NaCl, LiH

Which is a catalyst of the reduction of amides to amines

LiAlH4, ether

catalyst of reducing nitriles into amides

reducing agent

compounds of group 1A ions

soluble

the ammonium ion NH4+

soluble

all common nitrates (NO3-)

soluble

all common acetates (C2H3O2-)

soluble

most perchlorates (ClO4-)

soluble

all common chlorides (Cl-), bromides (Br-), and iodides (I-) except those of Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg2+

soluble

all common sulfates (SO2-), except those of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+, and Ag+

soluble

all metal hydroxides (OH-), except those of group 1A, NH4+, and Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+

insoluble

all sulfides (S2-), except group 1A, NH4+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+

insoluble

all carbonates (CO32-) and phosphates (PO43-), except group 1A and NH4+

insoluble

the reduction of a benzenes carbonyl group using zinc amalgam

clemmensen reduction

the oxidation of alkylbenzenes using sulfuric acid produces

benzoic acids

how many OR and OH groups do hemiacetals/ketals have

1 OH and 1 OR