PSYC 300 FINAL FLASHCARD SET

Personality Disorder (PD)

An enduring pattern of experience and behavior that significantly deviates from cultural expectations.

DSM-5 Criteria for PD

Criteria including an enduring pattern, inflexibility, clinically significant distress, and onset in adolescence or adulthood.

Cognition

A key manifestation of personality disorders related to thought processes.

Affectivity

Refers to the abnormal range, appropriateness, and intensity of one’s emotional responses.

Interpersonal Functioning

Disrupted functioning in romantic, interpersonal, and workplace relationships due to PD.

Impulse Control

Involves issues such as self-harm and harming others or animals.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by chronic distrust and suspiciousness of others.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Involves detachment from social relationships and restricted emotional expression.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Marked by acute discomfort in relationships and cognitive or perceptual distortions.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

A pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others, starting from age 15.

Psychopathy

Not a DSM diagnosis, describes individuals with lack of emotions and empathy.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Defined by impulsivity and instability in self-image, relationships, and mood.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Characterized by excessive emotionality and an overwhelming need for attention.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Involves grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of social inhibition and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

Dependent Personality Disorder

Excessive need to be taken care of, submissiveness, and fear of separation.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Characterized by perfectionism and a need to control, distinct from OCD.

Cultural Formulation Interview

A structured interview used for cultural awareness in diagnosing personality disorders.

Linehan’s Diathesis-Stress Theory

The theory that people with BPD have trouble regulating emotions and often need to express extreme emotions.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Combines acceptance and change, specifically effective for treating BPD.

DSM-5

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, released in May 2013, which includes criteria for diagnosing paraphilic disorders.

Paraphilia

A condition characterized by abnormal sexual desires, typically involving extreme or dangerous activities.

Sexual Sadism Disorder

Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of another person.

Frotteuristic Disorder

Sexually oriented touching of a nonconsenting person, often occurring in crowded public places.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Intense desire to obtain sexual gratification by exposing one’s genitals to an unwilling stranger.

Voyeuristic Disorder

Sexually arousing fantasies or behaviors involving observing unsuspecting individuals who are unclothed or engaging in sexual activities.

Fetishistic Disorder

Reliance on an inanimate object for sexual arousal, where the attraction is often compulsive and sometimes necessary for arousal.

Transvestic Disorder

Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing, distinct from a desire to transition genders.

Pedophilia

Sexually arousing urges or behaviors involving sexual contact with a prepubescent child, leading to distress or interpersonal difficulty.

BDSM

Bondage, Discipline, Domination, Submission, Sadism, and Masochism; practices that, when safe and consensual, typically do not constitute a disorder.

Cognitive Distortions

Faulty beliefs that connect one's behaviors to sexual arousal, leading to harmful interpretations, such as believing that a child’s lack of resistance implies consent.

Biological Treatment

Medications used to manage paraphilic disorders, including hormonal agents to reduce androgens and SSRIs.

Comorbidity

The presence of two or more disorders or conditions in a person, common in those with paraphilic disorders.

Empathy Training

A therapeutic approach aimed at increasing the understanding of others' feelings and perspectives, important for treating certain paraphilic behaviors.

Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction

28% of women and 18% of men experience sexual dysfunction, which is common across gender and culture.

Sexual Response Cycle (SRC)

The process that includes desire, excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

Lack of or significantly reduced sexual interest/arousal, characterized by at least three symptoms like absent interest or reduced excitement.

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Persistently deficient or absent sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity, requiring clinical judgment.

Erectile Disorder

Difficulty obtaining or maintaining an erection, affecting 50% of men seeking treatment.

Female Orgasmic Disorder

Absence or marked reduction in orgasm intensity or infrequency, often with efforts made to achieve orgasm.

Premature Ejaculation

Ejaculation that occurs within approximately 1 minute following penetration, often reported as distressing.

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder (GPPPD)

Persistent difficulties with vaginal penetration, pelvic pain, or associated anxiety during intercourse.

4 P’s of Sexual Dysfunction

Predisposing, Precipitating, Perpetuating, and Protective factors affect the onset and maintenance of sexual dysfunctions.

PLISSIT Model

A treatment framework consisting of Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestions, and Intensive Therapy.

Mindfulness Therapies

Interventions that redirect attention from distracting thoughts to improve sexual health outcomes.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A psychological treatment aimed at dispelling myths about sexual activity and addressing negative self-judgment.

Directed Masturbation Techniques

Methods like the Pinch and Start-Stop techniques to assist individuals with premature ejaculation.

Anorexia Nervosa (AN)

An eating disorder characterized by significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and body image disturbance.

Bulimia Nervosa (BN)

An eating disorder involving uncontrolled binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain.

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating without the presence of compensatory behaviors, leading to distress.

Diagnostic criteria

The specific standards used to diagnose eating disorders, including symptoms and behaviors indicative of Anorexia, Bulimia, or Binge Eating disorder.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measure of body fat based on height and weight, used as a criterion in diagnosing eating disorders.

Purging Behavior

Actions taken to rid the body of food, such as self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, often associated with Bulimia Nervosa.

Restricting Subtype

A subtype of Anorexia Nervosa where the individual has not engaged in binge eating or purging behaviors in the last 3 months.

Binge-Eating-Purging Subtype

A subtype of Anorexia Nervosa characterized by recurrent binges and purging behaviors in the last 3 months.

Lifetime prevalence

The proportion of individuals in a population who have experienced a disorder at any point in their life.

Sociocultural pressures

External societal influences that can contribute to the development of eating disorders, such as media portrayals of ideal body image.

Intergenerational Transmission

The process by which eating disorder behaviors and attitudes can be passed down from one generation to another, particularly from mother to daughter.

Cognitive distortions

Faulty thought patterns that contribute to negative body image and eating disorders, leading individuals to perceive themselves inaccurately.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A therapeutic approach used in treating eating disorders by addressing cognitive distortions and promoting healthier behaviors.

Prevention strategies

Methods aimed at reducing the incidence of eating disorders, including education, awareness, and challenging sociocultural norms.

Recovery rates

The percentages of individuals who successfully overcome their eating disorders, varying by type of disorder.

Psychoeducational approaches

Educational strategies intended to inform individuals about the risks of eating disorders and promote healthy behaviors.

Dietary restriction

A common behavior in eating disorders where individuals limit food intake, contributing to the development and maintenance of the disorder.

Comorbid conditions

The presence of additional disorders or conditions, such as depression or anxiety, which often accompany eating disorders.

Substance Use Disorder

A problematic pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress.

Difference between Substance Use and Substance Use Disorder

Substance use refers to the consumption of substances, while substance use disorder indicates a clinical diagnosis of addiction.

Prevalence

The proportion of a population found to have a condition or disorder.

Illicit Drug Toxicity Deaths

Deaths caused by illegal drugs, which have been increasing over time, particularly noted in British Columbia.

DSM-5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, which categorizes substance-related disorders.

Substance Intoxication Disorder

A condition characterized by the temporary effects and symptoms produced by the recent ingestion of a substance.

Substance Withdrawal Disorder

A set of symptoms that occur upon reduction or cessation of substance use after prolonged use.

Tolerance

A physiological process in which the body becomes accustomed to a substance, requiring more of it to achieve the same effect.

Craving

An intense desire to use a substance, often triggered by environmental cues.

Genetic Factors

Hereditary influences that contribute to the risk of developing substance use disorders.

Environmental Factors

External influences such as childhood experiences, social settings, and cultural norms that affect substance use risk.

Neurobiological Factors

Brain mechanisms and pathways, especially related to dopamine, that are altered by drug use.

Motivational Interviewing

A therapeutic approach aimed at enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence.

Alcoholic Anonymous (AA)

A support group for individuals seeking recovery from alcoholism that promotes complete abstinence.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A psychological treatment that helps individuals understand and change negative thought patterns related to substance use.

12-step Programs

Recovery programs based on a set of guiding principles aimed at helping individuals recover from addiction.

Harm Reduction

Strategies aimed at reducing the negative consequences associated with substance use, such as safe injection sites.

Fear

An emotional response to an immediate threat, associated with surges of autonomic arousal (fight or flight).

Anxiety

Anticipating a future threat; associated with chronic muscle tension and prolonged nervousness.

Specific Phobia

Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation, consistent over time, leading to avoidance or distress.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Marked fear or anxiety about social situations involving scrutiny by others, causing avoidance and distress.

Panic Attack

An abrupt increase in fear or discomfort, reaching a peak within minutes, often accompanied by physical symptoms.

Panic Disorder

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by persistent worry about additional attacks or significant behavioral changes.

Agoraphobia

Marked fear or anxiety about situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, usually persists without treatment.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A disorder characterized by excessive worry and physical symptoms affecting daily functioning.

Mowrer’s Two Factor Model

A model explaining anxiety development through classical conditioning of fear and avoidance maintained by negative reinforcement.

Prepared Learning

The predisposition to develop fears of certain stimuli more readily due to evolutionary factors.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Therapy that involves identifying and challenging negative thoughts and engaging in exposure to feared situations.

Interoceptive Conditioning

Learning to develop fear of physical symptoms, particularly relevant to panic disorder.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A mental health disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions (intrusive thoughts), compulsions (repetitive behaviors), or both that cause significant distress or impairment.

Obsessions

Intrusive, persistent, and uncontrollable thoughts, urges, or images that a person attempts to ignore, suppress, or neutralize.

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed in response to obsessions or according to rigid rules, driven to avoid distress.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

A mental health disorder involving preoccupation with perceived flaws in appearance, leading to repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety.

Hoarding Disorder

A mental health condition characterized by persistent difficulty discarding possessions, leading to clutter and impairment in daily functioning.

Exposure plus response prevention (ERP)

A treatment approach for OCD that involves exposing patients to anxiety-provoking stimuli without allowing them to engage in compulsive behaviors, facilitating anxiety extinction.