Mineral Electrolytes

Hypercalcemia can cause ___ of the nervous system and Hypocalcemia can cause ___ of the nervous system?

Depression

Excitation

What is the biologically important component of total calcium that is hormonally regulated?

Free ionized Ca++ -> iCa

What protein does protein bound Ca (pCa) bind to most?

Albumin

What should you look at first if you have an increase or decrease in Total calcium (tCa)?

Albumin

-hypoabluminemia = low tCa

-Hyperalbuminemia = high tCa

(iCa will be normal)

What tubes should you use to measure tCa and iCa?

Red serum

Green heparinized plasma

Why do we not use Purple, grey or blue top tubes to measure Ca?

Chelate calcium

How does pH affect iCa?

Increased H+/ low pH = less protein bound Ca and and Increased iCa

Decreased H+/ high pH = more protein bound Ca and decreased iCa

Calcium and phosphorus has a ____ relationship?

Reciprocal

What Ca:P product would we be concerned for soft tissue mineralization?

tCa x P = >70

Calcitonin will _____ calcium and ___ phosphorus?

Decrease

PTH will _____ calcium and ___ phosphorus?

Increase

Decrease

Vit D will _____ calcium and ___ phosphorus?

Increase

What lab findings might we see w/ Hyperparathyroidism?

Increased PTH

Increased tCa and iCa

Decreased Phos (hypophophatemia)

Renal failure can cause ___calcemia and ___phosphatemia in most commonly in horses?

Hypercalcemia

Hypophosphatemia

Addisons can cause ____ calcemia?

Hypercalcemia -> renal tubular related

Vit D tox will see what lab findings?

Decreased PTH

Increased tCa and iCa

Increased phos

What is the MOST common cause of hypercalcemia in dogs?

Hypercalcemia of malignancy (PTHrp)

Lymphoma

AGASACA

What are lab signs of Hypercalcemia of malignancy?

Normal to decreased PTH

Elevated PTHrP

Increased tCa & iCa

Normal to decreased Phos (Hypophosphatemia)

What is the most common cause of of Hypocalcemia?

Hypoalbuminemia

What are lab signs of hypoparathyroidism?

Low PTH

Low tCa/iCa (hypocalcemia)

High phos (hyperphosphatemia)

What is renal secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Decreased Nephrons, GFR and calcitriol causing

increased phos,

decreased Ca

Increased PTH

Pancreatitis can cause ___calcemia?

Hypocalcemia

Milk fever in cattle can cause ___calcemia and ___phosphatemia?

Hypocalcemia

Hypophosphatemia

Intestinal malabsorption like PLE and Blister beetle toxicosis can cause ___calcemia?

Hypocalcemia

Ethylene glycol tox can cause ___calcemia and poss ___phophatemia if it contains phosphate based rust inhibitors??

Hypocalcemia

Hyperphosphatemia

What is the MOST Common cause of Hyperphosphatemia?

Decreased GFR

Young animals will often have ___phosphatemia?

Hyperphosphatemia -> bone growth

What are some types of shifts in Phosphorus from ICF to ECF causing hyperphosphatemia?

Myopathies - leaks from damage muscle cells

Tumor lysis syndrome-> dying neoplastic cells

Osteolysis/ osteosarcomas can cause ___phosphatemia?

Hyperphosphatemia

What is an example of hypohosphatemia caused by shifting of phosphorus from ECF to ICF?

Hyperinsulinemia

Glucose infusion

What is most likely to cause hypermagnesemia?

Decreased GFR

Renal failure in ruminants

Hypoprotenemia can cause a ___magnesemia?

Hypomagnesemia

Enteric dz like diarrhea will cause a ____magnesemia?

Hypomagnesemia

Excess urinary excretion via osmotic diuresis can cause a ___magnesemia?

Hypomagnesemia