Class Differences in Achievement (1) External Factors

What are external factors in education?

Factors outside the education system, such as home and family background and wider society.

What are examples of External Factors?

• Material Factors

• Cultural Factors

• Racism in wider society

What are internal factors in education?

Factors within the school and education system, such as teacher-pupil interactions and curriculum content.

What do material factors refer to in the context of education?

Money and material resources that can influence educational achievement.

How do cultural factors impact educational achievement?

Values, attitudes, language, and socialization that differ between social classes can affect educational outcomes.

What is Cultural Capital? And What do the working class not do and what does it lead to?

Is the basic 'cultural equipment' of language, self discipline and reasoning. But the working classes do not socialise their children adequately which leads to cultural deprivation.

What is cultural deprivation?

The lack of cultural resources, such as books and educational activities, that can hinder a child's intellectual development.

According to Douglas (1964), why do working-class pupils score lower on tests than middle class pupils?

Because working-class parents are less likely to read to their children.

According to Bernstein and Young's (1967), what do middle class mothers do to help develop their child's intellectual development?

Middle class mothers spend more time thinking about and choosing the correct toys to stimulate their children.

What are the two types of speech codes identified by Bernstein?

• Restricted Code (used by working-class) with Limited Vocabulary, Predictable Speech

• Elaborated Code (used by middle-class) with Wider Vocabulary, Grammatically more complex sentences, Textbooks and Tests use this speech code.

What is the difference between Restricted Code and Elaborated Code?

Restricted Code has limited vocabulary and predictable speech, while Elaborated Code has a wider vocabulary and more complex sentences.

What are Sugarman's four key features of the working-class subculture?

Fatalism - The W/C believe that "whatever will be, will be" and there is nothing you can do to change your status.

Collectivism - Is placing the group before themselves and be held back by group loyalties.

Immediate Gratification - Idea of wanting the pleasure now rather than working hard to have greater pleasures.

Present-Time Orientation - Seeing the present as more important than the future and so not having long-term goals or plans.

What Evaluation is there for speech codes?

Tryona & Williams (1985) states that there exists a speech hierarchy that needs to be challenged.

How to tackle Speech Hierarchy?

Through Compensatory Education Programmes which aim to tackle cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools and communities.

What does material deprivation refer to?

Poverty and lack of material necessities that can lead to educational underachievement.

How does poverty relate to educational underachievement?

Poor housing, diet, health, and the hidden costs of education can negatively impact academic performance.

What is cultural capital according to Bourdieu (1984)?

Cultural and material factors that contribute to educational achievement, where middle-class culture provides advantages.

How is success gained for the education system?

Through Primary Socialisation.

Which class have more Cultural Capital and which class is at disadvantage?

Middle class have more cultural capital while Working class parents generally lack economic and cultural capital which places their Working class children at a disadvantage in the middle class education system which values and rewards middle class culture.

How do middle-class parents use economic capital to benefit their children's education?

By providing cultural capital, such as reading to children and exposing them to cultural experiences.

What is the impact of marketization on education?

It allows parental choice and competition among schools, which can affect educational outcomes.

What is the significance of teacher-pupil relationships in educational achievement?

Positive interactions can enhance student engagement and learning outcomes.

What is the hidden curriculum?

The implicit lessons and values taught in schools beyond the formal curriculum.

How do subcultural responses affect educational achievement?

Students may develop identities and behaviors that align with their social groups, impacting their academic performance.

What is the relationship between cultural capital and educational capital?

Cultural capital helps individuals acquire educational capital, such as qualifications.

What is the impact of linguistic differences on educational achievement?

Differences in language use can affect comprehension and communication in educational settings.

How do socialization processes influence educational outcomes?

They shape children's values, attitudes, and behaviors towards education.

What is the significance of parental involvement in education?

Active parental engagement can lead to better educational outcomes for children.