DAT Booster Biochemistry

All of the following are a form of matter EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Organisms

B. Gases

C. Liquids

D. Light

E. Metal

D. Light

An atom with a high electronegativity would have electrons that are ___

A. Far from the nucleus

B. Not affected by the electronegativity

C. Held close to the nucleus

D. Easily removed from the atom

E. Positively charged

C. Held close to the nucleus

All of the following molecules can form a hydrogen bond with a hydrogen atom EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Fluorine

B. Nitrogen

C. Sulfur

D. Oxygen

C. Sulfur

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular forces?

A. Intermolecular forces occur between molecules, intramolecular forces occur within a molecule

B. Intramolecular forces occur between molecules, intermolecular forces occur within a molecule

C. Intramolecular forces can only occur if intermolecular forces are present

D. Intermolecular forces are stronger than intramolecular forces

E. Intermolecular forces occur around a molecule, and intramolecular forces occur between molecules

A. Intermolecular forces occur between molecules, intramolecular forces occur within a molecule

Which of the following bond types has the weakest interactions?

A. Hydrogen bonds

B. Ionic bonds

C. Non-polar covalent bonds

D. Van der Waals interaction

E. Polar covalent bonds

D. Van der Waals interaction

Which of the following best describes an ionic bonds?

A. Sharing of electrons between atoms

B. Complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another

C. A bond formed between atoms with similar electronegativities

D. One of the weakest bond types

E. A bond with no net dipole moment

B. Complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another

All of the following are true regarding water EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. It is more dense in its liquid form than solid form

B. High heat capacity

C. It is not a good solvent

D. Exhibits strong cohesion between other water molecules

E. Exhibits strong adhesion with unlike substances

C. It is not a good solvent

What statement best explains why ice floats?

A. H-bonds become rigid, forming a crystal with molecules that are spread apart

B. Molecules in ice exhibit less motion than in liquid form

C. Water condenses as it freezes into a solid form

D. Water molecules go from bent to linear shape in liquid to solid states

E. Water in its solid form exhibits more surface tension than its liquid form

A. H-bonds become rigid, forming a crystal with molecules that are spread apart

Adhesion is best described by which statement?

A. Attraction between molecules or atoms of the same substance

B. Attraction between the molecules of two different substances

C. It is responsible for producing low surface tension

D. It allows for the phenomena of bugs gliding on water

E. Can occur between two water molecules

B. Attraction between the molecules of two different substances

Due to water's high heat capacity, it will ___

A. Quickly adjust to any temperature changes inflicted on it

B. Have a low heat of vaporization

C. Require more energy to increase its temperature by one degree

D. Not require much energy to increase its temperature by one degree

E. Quickly evaporate at low temperature

C. Require more energy to increase its temperature by one degree

Which of the following is TRUE regarding water's phase diagram?

A. It is the same as most other substances

B. Pressure is on the x-axis, temperature is on the y-axis

C. It has a positive slope

D. It has a negative slope

E. There is no triple point

D. It has a negative slope

Transpiration is able to occur in a plant due to ___

A. Cohesion and adhesion forces

B. Gravity

C. Water's low heat of vaporization

D. Ionic bonds between water molecules

E. The fact that water is an excellent solvent

A. Cohesion and adhesion forces

Which of the following vitamins is water-soluble?

A. Vitamin A

B. Vitamin B

C. Vitamin E

D. Vitamin K

E. Vitamin D

B. Vitamin B

All of the following are true regarding micromolecules EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Consists of vitamins and minerals

B. Obtained from one's diet

C. Adequate amounts can be produced by the body

D. Helps establish electrochemical gradients

E. Component of hemoglobin in red blood cells

C. Adequate amounts can be produced by the body

How do fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins differ?

A. Fat-soluble vitamins can be excreted; water-soluble are deposited in body fat

B. Overconsumption of water-soluble vitamins can lead to toxic levels in the body

C. Water-soluble vitamins can be excreted, fat-soluble are deposited in body fat

D. Fat-soluble vitamins are inorganic, water-soluble vitamins are organic

E. Water-soluble vitamins are inorganic, fat-soluble vitamins are organic

C. Water-soluble vitamins can be excreted, fat-soluble are deposited in body fat

Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis?

A. Vitamin A

B. Vitamin E

C. Vitamin K

D. Vitamin D

E. Vitamin C

E. Vitamin C

Which of the following is a common product found in the synthesis of all biomolecules?

A. ATP

B. ADP

C. H2O

D. HO

E. Nitrogen

C. H2O

Which of the following best defines a macromolecule?

A. A polymer consisting of repeating monomers

B. Polymers that bind together to form monomers

C. Small molecule made up of a single unit

D. Large molecule formed via a hydrolysis reaction

E. Building block for all monomers

A. A polymer consisting of repeating monomers

All of the following are biological macromolecules EXCEPT one. Which one is the exception?

A. Nucleic acids

B. Vitamins

C. Carbohydrates

D. Lipids

E. Proteins

B. Vitamins

When monosaccharides are bound together, a polysaccharide is formed. Which of the following is the mechanism behind this process?

A. Hydrolysis

B. Cellular respiration

C. Dehydration synthesis

D. Combustion

E. Monomerization

C. Dehydration synthesis

In a hydrolysis reaction water is ___ to break a polymer into monomers

A. Formed

B. Not used

C. Repelled

D. Consumed

D. Consumed

Which of the following monomers make up carbohydrates?

A. Amino acids

B. Nucleotides

C. Monosaccharides

D. Hydrocarbon

E. Proteins

C. Monosaccharides

Which two monosaccharides make up lactose?

A. Glucose and glucose

B. Glucose and fructose

C. Glucose and galactose

D. Cellulose and galactose

E. Galactose and fructose

C. Glucose and galactose

Which of the following best describes the orientation of the sugars' -OH group when forming a beta-glycosidic bond?

A. One -OH group is pointed up, one is pointed down

B. Both -OH groups are up

C. Both -OH groups are down

D. The -OH groups are constantly changing orientation

E. The -OH groups are perpendicular to each other

A. One -OH group is pointed up, one is pointed down

Cows, unlike humans, are able to digest cellulose because ___

A. They have the enzymes essential for its breakdown

B. Cellulose contains alpha-glycosidic bonds

C. They have specialized teeth that break down the cellulose

D. Cellulose lacks beta-glycosidic bonds

E. They lack bacteria in their gut

A. They have the enzymes essential for its breakdown

Which of the following carbohydrates is responsible for the structural support in fungi cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons?

A. Chitin

B. Starch

C. Glucose

D. Cellulose

E. Lipids

A. Chitin

All of the following are functions of lipids EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Insulation

B. Hormone synthesis

C. Cell membrane structure

D. Store genetic information

E. Energy storage

D. Store genetic information

Which of the following makes up a triglyceride molecule?

A. Glycerol backbone and three fatty acids

B. A single long hydrocarbon chain

C. Phosphate head and glycerol backbone with two fatty acids

D. Three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring

E. Four rings with a metal atom in the center

A. Glycerol backbone and three fatty acids

Cholesterol is a major precursor to ___

A. Triglycerides

B. Amino acids

C. Lipids

D. Porphyrins

E. Steroid hormones

E. Steroid hormones

Hemoglobin and chlorophyll have similar structures. Which of the following best describes the difference between the two?

A. Hemoglobin contains Mg; Chlorophyll contains Fe

B. Hemoglobin contains Fe, Chlorophyll contains Mg

C. Hemoglobin contains a large hydrocarbon tail, Chlorophyll does not

D. Hemoglobin contains Pb; Chlorophyll contains Ag

E. Hemoglobin contains Ag; Chlorophyll contains Pb

B. Hemoglobin contains Fe, Chlorophyll contains Mg

Which of the following causes unwanted fat plaque formation in human blood vessels?

A. Proteins

B. Unsaturated fatty acids

C. Vitamins

D. Porphyrins

E. Saturated fatty acids

E. Saturated fatty acids

All of the following are true statements regarding membrane fluidity EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Adding unsaturated fatty acids increases fluidity

B. The cell membrane is more fluid at hot temperatures

C. Adding saturated fatty acids decreases fluidity

D. The cell membrane is more fluid at cold temperatures

E. Adding cholesterol can both increase or decrease fluidity

D. The cell membrane is more fluid at cold temperatures

If a cell membrane is rigid and consists of tightly packed fatty acids, which of the following is the most abundant?

A. Adipocytes

B. Unsaturated fatty acids

C. Saturated fatty acids

D. Carotenoids

E. Waxes

C. Saturated fatty acids

Which of the following stabilizes alpha-helices in proteins?

A. Hydrocarbon bonds

B. Van der waal forces

C. Covalent bonds

D. Hydrogen bonds

D. Hydrogen bonds

Amino acids are bound together by a ___

A. Peptide bond

B. Hydrogen bond

C. Non-covalent bond

D. Glycosidic bond

E. Phosphodiester bond

A. Peptide bond

All of the following are components of an amino acid EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Amino acid

B. Carboxyl group

C. Hydrogen

D. Side-chain R group

E. Conjugated proteins

E. Conjugated proteins

Which of the following correctly matches a level of protein structure and the type of bond it is directly formed from?

A. Primary structure and hydrogen bonds

B. Secondary structure and peptide bonds

C. Tertiary structure and interaction between R-groups

D. Quaternary structure and peptide bonds

E. Secondary structure and interaction between R-groups

C. Tertiary structure and interaction between R-groups

Disulfide bonds are created by _____.

A. Ionic bonding

B. Non-covalent bonding

C. Covalent bonding between two R-groups of cysteine amino acids

D. Amino acids directly bonded through hydrogen bonds

E. Hydrophobic interactions

C. Covalent bonding between two R-groups of cysteine amino acids

When a protein is denatured, which level of structure remains?

A. Primary structure

B. Secondary structure

C. Tertiary structure

D. Quaternary structure

A. Primary structure

All of the following can result in protein denaturation EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Extreme temperature

B. pH changes

C. Salt concentration changes

D. Radiation

E. Dehydration synthesis

E. Dehydration synthesis

Which of the following accurately describes the structure of DNA?

A. Parallel and complementary

B. Antiparallel and complementary

C. Antiparallel and non-complementary

D. Parallel and non-complementary

B. Antiparallel and complementary

If a sample of DNA has 15% Adenine, then what percentage of Cytosine does it have?

A. 15%

B. 25%

C. 35%

D. 50%

E. 100%

C. 35%

What type of bond forms when a phosphate group of one nucleotide (at the 5' carbon) connects to the hydroxyl group of another nucleotide (at the 3' carbon), releasing a water molecule?

A. Peptide bond

B. Hydrogen bond

C. Non-covalent bond

D. Phosphodiester bond

E. Hydrolysis bond

D. Phosphodiester bond

Which base pair bond requires the most energy to break?

A. Adenine and thymine

B. Adenine and uracil

C. Adenine and guanine

D. Uracil and thymine

E. Cytosine and guanine

E. Cytosine and guanine

Which of the following are purines?

A. Adenine and thymine

B. Adenine and uracil

C. Adenine and guanine

D. Cytosine, uracil, and thymine

E. Cytosine and guanine

C. Adenine and guanine

In RNA, which of the following nitrogenous bases is replaced by uracil?

A. Adenine

B. Guanine

C. Cytosine

D. Thymine

E. Purines

D. Thymine

If the nucleus of a cell has DNA that is 22% Cytosine, then what percentage of thymine does it have?

A. 22%

B. 28%

C. 44%

D. 50%

E. 56%

B. 28%

How does a nucleotide differ from a nucleoside?

A. Presence of a phosphate group

B. Different nitrogenous bases are used

C. It contains a five-carbon sugar

D. It contains a six-carbon sugar

E. Lacks a phosphate group

A. Presence of a phosphate group

Glycosidic bonds are considered which of the following types of bonds?

A. Ionic

B. Hydrogen

C. Covalent

D. Metallic

E. Atomic

C. Covalent

Alpha helices and beta sheets are connected to their respective strands with which of the following bonds?

A. Hydrogen bonds

B. Ionic bonds

C. Metallic bonds

D. Disulfide bonds

E. Covalent bonds

A. Hydrogen bonds

The bonds to create the tertiary structure of proteins can be associated with all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Van der Waals

B. Ionic bonds

C. Hydrogen bonds

D. Metallic bonds

E. Disulfide bonds

D. Metallic bonds

Which of the following connects the amino acids of the primary structure of proteins?

A. Hydrogen bonds

B. Ionic bonds

C. Metallic bonds

D. Disulfide bonds

E. Peptide bonds

E. Peptide bonds

Which of the following lists the correct order from smallest to largest?

A. Proton, atom, molecule

B. Proton, molecule, atom

C. Atom, proton, molecule

D. Atom, molecule, proton

E. Molecule, atom, proton

A. Proton, atom, molecule

Which of the following best describes a molecule?

A. Made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons

B. Group of two or more atoms

C. Group of two or more neutrons

D. Group of two or more protons

E. Group of two or more electrons

B. Group of two or more atoms

Which of the following bonds occurs due to the even sharing of electrons between two atoms with similar electronegativity?

A. Ionic bond

B. Covalent nonpolar bonds

C. Covalent polar bonds

D. Hydrogen bonds

E. Metallic bonds

B. Covalent nonpolar bonds

Which of the following bonds occur due to the uneven sharing of electrons between two atoms with different electronegativity?

A. Ionic bond

B. Covalent nonpolar bonds

C. Covalent polar bonds

D. Hydrogen bonds

E. Metallic bonds

C. Covalent polar bonds

Which of the following is considered a highly effective, versatile solvent?

A. Water

B. Saline water

C. Triglycerides

D. Blood plasma

E. Sucrose

A. Water

Which of the following properties of water make it an effective biological solvent?

A. High heat capacity

B. Dipoles of H2O

C. Surface tension

D. Adhesion

E. Cohesion

B. Dipoles of H2O

The high heat of vaporization of water is explained by its __________.

A. High heat capacity

B. Dipoles of H2O

C. Surface tension

D. Adhesion

E. Cohesion

A. High heat capacity

If a large body of water is surrounded by a very high atmospheric temperature, which of the following will occur?

A. The temperature will be relatively stable

B. The temperature will drop drastically

C. The temperature will increase drastically

D. The surface tension of the water will decrease drastically

E. The surface tension of the water will increase drastically

A. The temperature will be relatively stable

Why is ice able to float in liquid water?

A. Ice is denser than water

B. Ice is less dense than water

C. Water is less dense than ice

D. Water condenses

E. H-bonds become more fluid in ice compared to H-bonds in water

B. Ice is less dense than water

Which of the following occurs on a molecular level as water freezes?

A. Water condenses

B. H-bonds become more structured

C. H-bonds become more flexible

D. Crystalline structure disappears

E. The heat of vaporization changes

B. H-bonds become more structured

Which of the following properties of water allows insects to "walk" on its surface?

A. Heat of vaporization

B. Density

C. Cohesion and adhesion

D. High heat capacity

E. Covalent bonding

C. Cohesion and adhesion

In the wintertime, a pond forms an ice surface. Which of the following best explains why?

A. Water is less dense than ice

B. The crystalline structure of ice is less dense than water

C. Cohesive properties of water allow ice to float

D. Adhesive properties of water allow ice to float

E. The high heat of vaporization prevents ice from ever melting

B. The crystalline structure of ice is less dense than water

In plants, the combination of the attraction between water molecules and to the inner surface of vessels allows for the movement of water against gravity, up the roots of a plant, to the leaves. Which of the following terms best explains this phenomenon?

A. Crystal structure of H2O

B. High Heat Capacity

C. Capillary action

D. Osmosis

E. Dipoles of H2O

C. Capillary action

In plants, which of the following best describes the attraction between water molecules and the xylem, allowing for the movement of water against gravity?

A. Adhesion

B. Cohesion

C. Surface tension

D. Osmosis

E. Dipoles of H2O

A. Adhesion

The capillary action of water is related to both __________.

A. Surface tension and gravity

B. Surface tension and adhesion

C. Cohesion and adhesion

D. Cohesion and exocytosis

E. Osmosis and gravity

C. Cohesion and adhesion

Which of the following is a monosaccharide?

A. Sucrose

B. Maltose

C. Fructose

D. Lactose

E. Starch

C. Fructose

Which of the following are used to link carbohydrates to each other?

A. Ester linkage

B. Peptide linkage

C. Glycosidic linkage

D. Ionic linkage

E. Metallic linkage

C. Glycosidic linkage

A key trait of all organic molecules is the presence of ________.

A. Nitrogen

B. Sulfur

C. Oxygen

D. Carbon

E. Phosphorus

D. Carbon

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

A. Sucrose

B. Glucose

C. Fructose

D. Cellulose

E. Wax

A. Sucrose

Which of the following occurs to create a polymer from monomers?

A. Hydrolysis

B. Dehydration synthesis

C. Photosynthesis

D. Cellular respiration

E. Metabolism

B. Dehydration synthesis

Which of the following is required to break down a polymer into monomers?

A. Oxygen

B. Hydrogen

C. Water

D. Nitrogen

E. Carbon

C. Water

Which of the following defines a single sugar molecule?

A. Monosaccharide

B. Disaccharide

C. Polysaccharide

D. Lipid

E. Nucleic acid

A. Monosaccharide

Which of the following defines lactose?

A. Monosaccharide

B. Disaccharide

C. Polysaccharide

D. Lipid

E. Wax

B. Disaccharide

All of the following are carbohydrates EXCEPT for one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Starch

B. Glycogen

C. Cellulose

D. Chitin

E. Carotenoids

E. Carotenoids

If a series of many monosaccharides are bound together via dehydration synthesis, which of the following best defines this new molecule?

A. Monosaccharide

B. Disaccharide

C. Polysaccharide

D. Wax

E. Carotenoid

C. Polysaccharide

Maltose is broken down into glucose molecules as water is added to the chemical bond. This breakdown mechanism is also known as _______________.

A. Hydrolysis

B. Dehydration synthesis

C. Metabolism

D. Anabolism

E. Photosynthesis

A. Hydrolysis

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

A. Glucose and glucose

B. Glucose and fructose

C. Glucose and galactose

D. Fructose and galactose

E. Glucose and lactose

B. Glucose and fructose

Lactose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

A. Glucose and fructose

B. Glucose and glucose

C. Glucose and galactose

D. Galactose and fructose

E. Galactose and galactose

C. Glucose and galactose

Maltose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

A. Fructose and fructose

B. Glucose and glucose

C. Glucose and galactose

D. Galactose and galactose

E. Fructose and galactose

B. Glucose and glucose

Which carbohydrate is used by plants to store energy?

A. Glycogen

B. Starch

C. Cellulose

D. Chitin

E. Carotenoid

B. Starch

An unknown cell is treated with iodine to test for the presence of starch. The test result is positive. The cell is, most likely, a ______________.

A. Plant cell

B. Fungal cell

C. Wood cell

D. Liver cell

E. Skin cell

A. Plant cell

Which carbohydrate is used by animals to store energy?

A. Starch

B. Chitin

C. Wax

D. Glycogen

E. Cellulose

D. Glycogen

Both starch and glycogen are ___

A. Alpha glucose molecules

B. Beta glucose molecules

C. Structural molecules

D. Used by plants

E. Used by animals

A. Alpha glucose molecules

The structural integrity of plants is supported by which of the following polysaccharides?

A. Cellulose

B. Chitin

C. Starch

D. Glycogen

E. Carotenoid

A. Cellulose

Which of the following is stored in the human liver and used as an energy source?

A. Chitin

B. Starch

C. Glycogen

D. Fats

E. Adipose

C. Glycogen

Which of the following is produced in plants, but cannot be digested by the human body?

A. Starch

B. Glycogen

C. Chitin

D. Cellulose

E. Carotenoids

D. Cellulose

Starch in plant cells is analogous to which of the following in animal cells?

A. Cellulose

B. Chitin

C. Glycogen

D. Wax

E. Carotenoids

C. Glycogen

Chitin in insect exoskeletons is analogous to which of the following in plant cells?

A. Cellulose

B. Glycogen

C. Starch

D. Alpha-glucose molecules

E. Carotenoids

A. Cellulose

Chitin is used in both insect exoskeletons and in which of the following?

A. Fungal cell walls

B. Plant cell walls

C. Animal cell membranes

D. Skin cell walls

E. Epithelial cell membranes

A. Fungal cell walls

Both cellulose and chitin are ___

A. Alpha glucose polymers

B. Beta glucose polymers

C. Structural isomers

D. Used by plants

E. Used by animals

B. Beta glucose polymers

Lipids can be associated with all the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Energy storage

B. Hydrophilic molecules

C. Structural component of membranes

D. Endocrine signaling

E. Insulation

B. Hydrophilic molecules

If a lipid is made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol backbone, which of the following must the molecule be?

A. Phospholipid

B. Steroid

C. Wax

D. Cholesterol

E. Triglyceride

E. Triglyceride

The structure of saturated triglycerides can be associated with all the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Absence of double bonds

B. Straight chains

C. Loosely packed

D. Harmful to health

E. Lipid molecule

C. Loosely packed

Unsaturated triglycerides contain which of the following?

A. No double bonds

B. Straight chains

C. Kinked chains

D. Dense packaging

E. Monosaccharides

C. Kinked chains

Phospholipids are most similar in structure to ___

A. Triglycerides

B. Steroids

C. ATP

D. Waxes

E. Carotenoids

A. Triglycerides

If a lipid is made up of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol backbone, which of the following must the molecule be?

A. Triglyceride

B. Triacylglycerols

C. Phospholipid

D. Steroid

E. Cholesterol

C. Phospholipid

Phospholipids can self-assemble at the plasma membrane because of their ___

A. Hydrophilic properties

B. Hydrophobic properties

C. Amphipathic properties

D. Saturated fatty acid

E. Unsaturated fatty acid

C. Amphipathic properties

Which of the following describes the structure of a steroid?

A. Three fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

B. A three-carbon molecule with a hydroxyl group on each carbon

C. Three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring

D. Four pyrrole rings with a metal ion in the center

E. Two fatty acids and a phosphate group

C. Three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring