APHUG Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

population distribution

the pattern of people scattered over an area

population density

the number of people within a given area

human factors

culture, economics, history, politics

physical factors

climate, landforms, water bodies

ecumene

the habitable parts of the world

e.g. along fertile rivers, plains

population density

measure of total population relative to land size

arithmetic population density

measure of the number of people within a given area divided by the total land area.

physiologic population density

measure of the number of people per arable (farmable) land

agricultural population density

measure of the number of farmers per arable land

environment

deforestation, less space/room, pollution, natural resource depletion

carrying capacity

the number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resources

population pyramid

provides a visual representation of a population in terms of age and sex as well as a good indication of the dependency ratio within a country and is used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods/services

in general:

· LDCs tend to have pyramids predicting rapid growth

· MDCs tend to be stable or even declining

Four different shapes represent growth:

· rapid growth: distinguished by a wide base

· stable/slow growth: characterized by a rectangular shape

· declining/negative growth: the base is smaller than previous cohorts

· disrupted growth: significant gaps in the pyramid, usually as a result of war, strict population policies, or other drastic events

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49)

birth rate

number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)

replacement fertility level

2.1 (slightly higher than 2.0 to account for infant/childhood mortality/childless women)

mortality (death) rate

number of deaths in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)

infant mortality rate

number of deaths during the 1st year of life (per 1000)

child mortality rate

number of deaths of between the ages of 1 and 5 (per 1000)

maternal mortality rate

number of deaths during or shortly after childbirth (per 100,000)

migration

involves a degree of permanence when moving to a new locale

emigration (out migration)

describes movement out of a particular place

immigration (in migration)

describes movement to a particular place

transnational migration

migration across national boundaries

internal migration

migration within national boundaries

natural increase

birth rate minus death rate

population doubling time

the length of time for a population to double in size

· countries with growth rates of 1% take approximately 70 years to double

· countries with growth rates of 2% take approximately 35 years to double

· when this growth rate is graphed, a J-curve represents exponential growth (began in the 1950s)

· growth rates have declined (last couple of decades) and population follows more of an S-curve (greater stability)

· at current rate, the world population doubling time: approximately 54 years

cultural

religion/morality, ethnicity, values/attitudes, gender empowerment

Demographic Transition Model

· Stage 1: pre-industrialization (no industries)

birth rates are high & death rates are high = low population growth

· Stage 2: developing country (industrializing) birth rates are high & death rates begin to drop = population increases

(Afghanistan, Kenya)

· Stage 3: developing country (industrializing)

birth rates begin to drop and death rates drop = population levels off

(Brazil, China)

· Stage 4: developed country (post industrialization)

birth rates are low and death rates are low = population stabilizes

(U.S., U.K.)

· Stage 5: developed country (post industrialization)

birth rates are very low and death rates are low = population declines

(Germany, Japan, Italy)

issues with Demographic Transition Model

-describes the demographic history of Europe (England)

- it may not necessarily work outside of this region

epidemiologic transition (mortality revolution)

increase in population due to medical innovation (modern medicine) causing a decrease in the death rate

population explosion

the very great and continuing increase in human population

in modern times

· in the past 200 years: an increase of more than 5.5 billion people

· world population is projected to reach approximately 9 billion by 2050

Thomas Malthus (1798)

argued that the size and growth of a population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods AND when there is an insufficient supply of food, people die

Ester Boserup (1965)

theorized that people will find ways to increase food production and improve agricultural methods in times of pressure

pro-natalist population policies

policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries with

declining populations: Japan, Singapore, Denmark, Germany, Italy

anti-natalist population policies

policies that encourage couples to limit the number of children they have

China: one child policy

Iran: family planning

India: sterilization programs

immigration policies

policies that address the movement of persons across borders

factors that have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world

changing social, economic, and political roles for females

- changing social values (role of women/gender empowerment)

- access to education

- employment

- political empowerment

- health care and contraception

Ravenstein's laws of migration (1885)

Ravenstein's laws of migration (1885):

- every migration flow generates a return migration flow

- most migrants move a short distance

- migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations

- most migrants are from rural areas

- migration is caused mostly by economic reasons

population aging

determined by birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy

life expectancy

average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live; number varies within countries, cities,

ethnicities, sexes, and between MDCs and LDCs

aging index

the number of people age 65 and older per 100 children ages 0-14

Europe: 263 older people for every 100 children

Africa: 37 older people for every 100 children

aging population

an increasing median age in the population due to declining fertility rates/rising life expectancy

e.g. graying of America, graying of Japan

social consequences

impact on family life, providing for elder care

economic consequences

slower economic growth, fewer workers to contribute to the tax base, more people collecting

pension benefits, increased health care costs

political consequences

policy responses to counter effects of aging population (pro-natalist policies)

dependency ratio

a measure of the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the economically productive members

of a population

pull factors

characteristics that attract a person to a place

push factors

characteristics that make a person want to leave a place

intervening opportunity

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

e.g. finding a higher paying job en route to destination

intervening obstacle

an event or obstacle that discourages people from migrating

e.g. cost, distance, language, laws

genocide

premeditated effort to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, religious group e.g. Rwanda, Holocaust, Cambodia

ethnic cleansing

the effort to rid a country/region of a particular ethnicity either through forced migration or genocide

e.g. former Yugoslavia

forced migration

an individual migrates against his/her will, including events that produce slaves, refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers

slavery

having legal property rights over another human and forcing them to obey

- North Atlantic slave trade

- Indigenous populations

refugee

individuals, protected by law, who cross national boundaries to seek safety from armed conflict or persecution

e.g. race, religion, nationality, political opinion

- Syrians fleeing armed conflict

- Rohingya fleeing religious persecution (Myanmar)

- Afghan fleeing armed conflict

asylum seeker

individuals who flee their home country and applies for protection, but their request for sanctuary has yet to

be processed, once processed, they are either given refugee status or refused and returned to their home country

internally displaced person (internal refugee)

individuals who leave their home due to conflict, human rights abuse, war, or

environmental catastrophes, but do not leave their country to seek safety

e.g. Syrians fleeing to other parts of Syria

e.g. New Orleans flood victims

voluntary migration

an individual chooses to move, typically based on various push-pull factors

e.g. Europeans to North America

e.g. Americans from the north to the south

transhumance

seasonal movement of pastoral nomads who move livestock between summer and winter pasture

chain migration

immigrants who follow family and/or friends to the same destination

step migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages (steps)

i.e. from farm to nearby village, then to a town, then to the city

guest workers

a person with temporary permission to work in another country (e.g. migrant labor)

rural to urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city which causes two things to happen;

increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities and expansion of urban areas

Rust Belt

· area in the upper Midwest that had been an industrial powerhouse, but lost much of their economic base to other parts of the country and other parts of the world

Sun Belt

· the states in the South and West Coast where in the 1960s and 1970s, large numbers of white, middle-class Americans moved from older northeastern and Midwestern cities

The Effect of Sun Belt Migration

altered the balance of political and economic power as California, Florida, and Texas are now 3 of the 4 most populous states in the country and carry a disproportionate number of electoral votes, have large congressional delegations, and are dominant in many economic sectors such as technology, energy production, and agriculture

Internal Migration of the U.S.

· Wave 1: beginning with colonization, movement westward, and from rural areas to urban areas with industrialization

· Wave 2: from the early 1940s through the 1970s, movement of African Americans from the rural south to cities in the South, North, and West

· Wave 3: post WWII to the present, movement to the Sun Belt states (the states from North Carolina to Southern California and all the states below that line)

Just a note

1871-1889 New Worlders: European immigrants

1890-1908 Lost Generation: fought in WWI, hard timers

1909-1924 G.I. Generation, Greatest Generation: fought in WWII

1925-1945 Silent Generation: grew up during WWII, fought in Korean War

1946-1964 Baby Boomers: post WWII baby boom, team oriented

1965-1979 Generation X, Baby Bust: unknown generation, no identity,

self-reliance, beginning of computer age, rise of divorce

1980-1995 Millennials, Gen Y, Echo Boom: increase in computers, trophy kids,

year round sports, helicopter parents, uncertain future

2000-2010 Millennials, Gen Z: computer age, trophy kids, year round sports,

helicopter parents, uncertain future

2011- Gen Alpha: children of millennials, internet of things, trophy kids,

lawnmower parents, year round sports, uncertain future