1.1.3 Input, output and storage

What is RAM

RAM - Random Access Memory

- Volatile - loses data when power off

- Holds programs and data currently in use

- Read/write access for CPU

Used as main memory

What is ROM

ROM - Read-Only Memory

- Non-volatile - keeps data when power off

- Stores firmware i.e. boot-up instructions, BIOS

- Read-only

What is virtual storage

Virtual Storage

- Part of secondary storage used as temporary RAM extension

- When RAM is full, data is swapped to page file/swap space on disk

- Prevents system crashes but slows performance

- Common in modern operating systems

What are input devices

Input Devices

- Converts real-world data into a digital form

- Examples: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, sensor

The choice depends on problem, for example:

> Temperature control → sensors

> Data entry → keyboard

> Image capture → camera

What are output devices

Output Devices

- Convert digital data into physical or human-readable forms

- Examples: Monitor, printer, speaker, actuator

- Application:

> Actuators control movement (e.g., robots)

> Displays show graphics (e.g., games, data dashboards)

What are the 3 types of storage devices and how

- Magnetic storage: Stores data using magnetic patterns on a disk or tape.

- Optical storage: Stores data using pits and lands read by a laser.

- Flash storage: Stores data using electrical signals with no moving parts.

Give examples, PROs and CONs for each type of storage device

Magnetic:

Example : Hard Drive, Tape

PRO : Large capacity, low cost

CON : Slower, mechanical parts, less durable

Optical:

Example : CD, DVD, Blu-ray

PRO : Portable, cheap, durable

CON : Low capacity, slower access

Flash:

Example : SSD, USB Drive

PRO : Fast, reliable, no moving parts

CON : Expensive per GB, limited write cycles