Iberian Expansion

Christopher Columbus

An Italian explorer and navigator from Genoa, known for completing four Spanish sponsored voyages across the Atlantic.

First Voyage of Columbus

In 1492, Columbus sailed to Cuba and returned to Palos, Spain in 1493, also visiting Hispaniola.

Encomienda

An institution enforced by the Spanish crown characterized by semi-feudal trusteeship of indigenous villagers to prominent settlers, ensuring tribute and labor.

Indigenous Slave Labor

The practice of using indigenous populations for forced labor, which resulted in rapid decimation and led Spanish colonizers to turn to African slaves.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas, significantly expanded after the decimation of native populations.

Collapse of Taino Population

By 1510, the Taino population became decimated, reducing from 400-600k inhabitants before 1492 to about 60k by 1508 due to Spanish colonial exploitation.

Francisco de Vitoria

A Spanish philosopher and theologian known for his work on natural law and rights, influential in promoting individual rights and legal frameworks for natives.

Hernan Cortes

A Spanish conquistador who led the campaign against the Aztecs, known for his alliances with native groups and his writings about his conquests.

Narrative from the Third Voyage

Columbus described the Earth as an earthly paradise accessible by water, reflecting his utopian vision influenced by holy scriptures.

Utopian Vision

Columbus's idea of how the world could be, influenced by his experiences and the notion that paradise is attainable through navigation.