Social Psych test 4 McNeal

Aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy, it may be done reactively out of hostility or proactively as a calculated means to an end

Physical aggression

harming the body

Social relational aggression

hurting feelings or damaging relationships

hostile aggression

motivated by anger, goal is to injure

instrumental aggression

a means to an end, terrorism, wars

Causes of aggression

biological influences, frustration, learned behaviors

Biological influences

Aggression is an instinct. Freud life instinct and death instinct Lorenz

Modern theorists on aggression

It is not an instinct

Neural influences aggression

amygdala, prefrontal cortex

genetic influences

innate differences in sensitivity, temperaments are related to sympathetic nervous system, warrior gene MAOA-L

Biochemical factors-alcohol

reduces self awareness, expectation of aggression, provocation, deindividuates, disinhibits

Testosterone

in males decreases after 25, more delinquency hard drug use aggression

poor diet

nutritional diets decreased violence

frustration aggression theory

frustration triggers readiness to aggress, displacement

Frustration theory revised

frustration does not always lead to aggression, only when people become upset

relative deprivation

frustration arises from the gap between expectations and attainments. perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself

Albert Bandura

social learning theory, physically aggressive children often has physically punitive parents

Arousal

can be interpreted in different ways. Bad resistance arousal ecstacy Bad

Pornography

sexual violence common, distorts perceptions of sexual reality, decreases attraction

Television correlational studies

the more violent the content the more aggressive the child

why does media influence behavior

fosters arousal, disinhibits imitation

systematic desensitization

we begin with cartoons, increase the violence

social scripts

culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations

altered perception

media portrayals shape perceptions of reality

cognitive priming

watching violent television primes aggression related ideas

Video games

increases aggressive behavior thoughts and feelings, habituation in the brain

group influences

can amplify aggressive reactions partly by diffusing responsibility, increases with social distance and number

catharsis

breeds further aggression

a social learning approach

controlling aggression by counteracting the factors that provoke it

Ostracism

used to regulate social behavior. stressful even when agreed to

proximity

breeds liking, availability, anticipating interaction boosts liking, mere exposure

what leads to friendship and attraction

proximity, physical attractiveness

who is attractive

consistent agreement across cultures, being perfectly average, symmetry, biological information, likable people

Robert Sternberg

triangle theory of love

Elaine Hatfield

long term relationships-passionate love and companionate love

Schacter and singer

two factor theory of emotion. Arousal from any source, even painful, can be interpreted as passion

Men tend to

fall in love more, fall out of love more slowly, say i love you first

Secure attachemnt

rooted in trust and marked by intimacy

avoidant attachment

avoiding closeness and intimacy

anxious attachment

insecure about relationship

disorganized

cannot tolerate intimacy

successful marriage

faithfulness, happy sexual relationship, sharing household chores

what enables close relationship

long term equity, self disclosure

How can we increase helping

utilize concern for self image, make small requests, label people as helpful

moral inclusion

regarding others as within one’s circle of moral concern

moral exclusion

one does not apply moral values and rules of fairness to certain groups

Modeling altruism

real life modeling, media modeling

Who is more likely to help in dangerous situations

Men

Who is more likely to help in safer situations and is more generous

women

religious faith

predicts long term altruism as reflected in volunteerism and charitable contributions

learning by doing

helpful actions promote the self perception that one is caring and helpful, which in turn promotes further helping

attribute helpful behavior to atruistic motives

avoid the overjustification effect

Bystander effect

a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders

Noticing

we are more likely to notice a situation if we are alone

Interpreting

we are more likely to perceive a situation as an emergency if we are alone

Diffusion of responsibility

smoke under door study, see who reacts, Darley and Latane

Conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals

Social trap

situation in which conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing its own self interest become caught in mutually destructive behavior

social traps often involve

fundamental attribution error, evolving motives, outcomes which need not sum to zero

Effects of competition

negative images of outgroup, strong group cohesiveness, pride

mirror image perceptions

people in conflict form dialogical mirror image perception of one another. each party view itself as moral and the other as having evil intentions

simplistic thinking

when tension rises rational thinking becomes more difficult. views of the enemy become more simplistic and stereotypes

contact

correlation between contact and positive attitudes, decreases prejudice

cooperation

common external threats build cohesiveness

communication

bargaining, mediation, concilliation

bargaining

seeking an agreement to conflict through direct negotiation between parties

mediation

a neutral third party facilitiates

concilliation

to placate other side by being cooperative

GRIT

charles osgood-graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction. each side concilliates