Science 10 Exam Prep - Short Answer Review

Practice vocabulary flashcards covering oceanography, meteorology, basic physics, and chemistry topics from the Science 10 exam notes.

Freshwater Ice Melting Effect

The process of adding fresh water to the ocean which lowers salinity and makes water less dense, causing it to sink less easily and potentially slowing deep ocean currents and global circulation.

Paleoclimate

The study of Earth's climate in the distant past using evidence such as ice cores, tree rings, fossils, and sediments.

El Niño

A climatic event characterized by weakened trade winds that allow warm water to move eastward across the Pacific, preventing the normal upwelling of cold water.

Atlantic Hurricane Shear

An effect of El Niño that increases wind shear over the Atlantic, making it harder for hurricanes to form and strengthen, resulting in milder seasons.

Broadside Flood Mitigation

Strategies including building levees and dams, improving drainage systems, restoring wetlands, and avoiding construction in flood-prone areas.

Flash Flood Mitigation

Strategies including installing warning systems, improving storm drains, creating emergency evacuation plans, avoiding unnecessary large-area paving, and using sandbag walls.

Storm Surge and High Tide

The interaction where a hurricane striking during high tide causes higher and more destructive storm surges and coastal flooding.

Cold Front

A weather condition where cold air pushes under warm air, forcing the warm air upward.

Warm Front

A weather condition where warm air moves over colder air.

Occluded Front

A weather condition that occurs when a cold front overtakes a warm front.

Stationary Front

A weather condition where two air masses meet but neither moves significantly.

Displacement Formula

In physics, the overall change in position often calculated using the Pythagorean theorem: $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$.

Weak Acid

A substance such as vinegar that does not fully dissociate.

Weak Base

A substance that only partially reacts.

Strong Acid

A substance such as hydrochloric acid ($HCl$) that fully dissociates.

Strong Base

A substance that fully reacts.

pH Formula

The mathematical expression for calculating acidity based on hydrogen ion concentration: $pH = -\text{log}[H^+]$.

Le Chatelier's Principle

The principle stating that when a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it shifts in the direction that opposes the change to re-establish equilibrium.

Equilibrium Concentration Effect

Increasing the concentration of reactants causes the system to shift to the right.

Equilibrium Pressure and Volume Effect

Increasing pressure or decreasing volume shifts the equilibrium toward the side with fewer gas molecules.

Equilibrium Catalyst Effect

Increases the speed at which equilibrium is reached but does not change the position of the equilibrium.