Key points to rmr

in reproductive methods, what does selection usually select for?

early reproduction, but the need to accumulate enough resources can override that effect and produce delayed reproduction or even semelparity

what are other names for the intrinsic growth rate

little r or mathusian parameter

what is another missed formula for geometric growth rate

Nt+1 = Nt + B - D

what are the conclusions and supports of the Lotka Voltera Model

the 4 possible outcomes, and the gausse’s support producing competitive exclusion

true or false: competitive exclusion was an idea produced by lotka voltera

false → was present from before

what are different ways species overcome competitive exclusion

• niche partitioning

• character displacement (adapting a different physical, morphological or behavioural adaptation to survive)

• dispersal/competitive abilities

Often real populations are kept below carrying capacity (weather or disease), and conditions fluctuate → favouring different species at different times

difference between population and community ecology

population → looking at the composition and diversity of the population of one species

community → looking at the community composition (what species) and species richness (how many of each species) are present

what are the effects of competition and predation on species diversity

competition → decreases

predation → increases/ maintains

what is the life dinner principle

selection will always be asymmetrical, which selection always being stronger on the prey than the predator.

what are the inducible defences in predators an example of?

phenotypic plasticity

for parasites what are vectors

the hosts that carry and transmit the parasites

which parts of the world have high species diversity?

Species diversity is highest near the equator and steadily declines toward the poles.

what limits the growth of a mutualist?

• strong intra-specific competition

• introduction of a predator or competitor

• diminishing benefits (as lotka voltera assumes that benefit remains constant, but in reality does not)

why is coexistence possible?

because of the different life histories and not different niches along resource axes

what type of trade off would you call the coexistance of competitors in a metapopulation

competition-colonization trade off (rmr, Hutchinson also mentioned this)

what was MacArthur’s and Wilson’s theory of island biogeography?

• species richness depends on island size and isolation from mainland

• ignored in-situ speciation and only focused on colonization and extinction

what determines the number of species on an island?

• colonization

• extinction

• in-situ speciation

what does habitat fragmentation create

islands of suitable habitat within an inhospitable matrix

what are the take home messages from trophic cascades?

• indirect effects can be as strong as direct

• keystone species can shift communities between alternate states

• outcomes are not fundamentally predictable, and depend on interaction strengths

what do specialist insects evolve to use defence chemicals as?

• feedings stimulants

• defence compounds

chemicals can deter generalists not specialists

what types of herbivore are pikas

generalists

Animal pollination is an example of what type of interaction?

mutualism

What is the name of the interaction between predator-prey, herbivory or parasitism

consumer-resource interaction (where consumer benefits and resource suffers)

what is another example of life strategy of plants mentioned in lab to survive from herbivory

• producing leaves or flowers when herbivore are least abundant

• producing trichomes, which trap herbivores and prevent them from laying eggs or making it difficult to eat the leaves