ap euro review

most important dates/people/vocab

dark ages

5th-10th century, 1000 year period w/o much improvements

feudalism

kings, nobles, knights, serfs

fall of constantinople

1453 brought greek scholars and culture to italy

black death/bubonic plague

1347 rats with fleas from mongol trade routes

church hierarchy

pope, cardinal, bishop, priestsa

avignon papacy

1309-1377 popes moved from rome to franceg

great schism

1378-1417 split in catholic church between rome and avignon pope

italian renaissance

1450-1648 rebirth of ancient greek/rome texts

petrarch

father of renaissance

humanism

unlimited potential in humans

lorenzo de valla

study of historical languages, authoritative church docs were forged

pico de mirandola

1486 oration on the dignity of man, humanist

secularism

separate church and state

individualism

triumph of individual in community

printing press

allowed for quick/wide spread of ideas, increased literacy, discussions

vernacular

language of the people

gutenburg bible

1456 made with moveable type

civic humanism

politics and economy of the state side of humanism

baldassare castiglione

1528 the courtier, how an educated young man behaves

machiavelli

1532 the prince, ruler’s main goal to preserve power at all costs to ensure order, humans are selfish

republicanism

elected representatives

renaissance art

religious, power, naturalism, geometric perspective, patrons: da vinci, michelangelo, raphael, brunelleschi

northern renaissance art

naturalistic but more human centered: rembrandt

christian humanism

ancient greek/rome/christian writings, simplicity in church

erasmus

1511 praise of folly, undermined political/social institutions, criticized corrupt religious hierarchies

new monarchs

kings consolidated power from church and nobles, top-down religious reform

bureaucracy

group of people make sure people follow laws, allowed for taxes

henry 8 of england

1509-1547 opposed protestants (defender of the faith), many wives, act of supremacy (head of anglican church)

mary tudor of england

1553-1558 tried to go back to catholicism

elizabeth 1 of england

1558-1603 went back to anglicanism (protestant)

ferdinand and isabella of spain

1474-1516 established national taxes, bureaucracy

concordat of bologna

1516 pope leo 10 collect income from catholic church, francis 1 of france appoint church officials

peace of augsburg

1555 rules in the holy roman empire choose between catholic or lutheran (protestant)

medici

bankers in florence italy

reasons for exploration

god, gold, glory

mercantilism

state controlled, favorable balance of trade

jean baptiste colbert

french should create all necessities so that there are less imports

reconquista

1492 spain drives away jews and muslims

portugal in age of exploration

around africa to indian ocean trade: henry the navigator and vasco de gama

spain in age of explortation

decimated american populations with disease: colombus, cortes, conquistadors

treaty of tordesillas

1494 demarcation of americas for spain and portugal

france in age of exploration

north america, fur trade: samuel de champlain

england in age of exploration

settle most colonies, tobacco trade

colombian exchange

transfer between old and new worlds (disease, rice+wheat, slaves | maize+tomatoes+potato+cacao, minerals

capitalism

private ownership and free exchange between property owners

casta system in spanish america

peninsulares, criollos, mastizos, mullatos, indigenous people, slaves

african slave trade

middle passage, plantation economy, brutal conditions

little ice age

1300s malnutrition and disease, smaller families

protestant reformation

1517-1648 dispute between popes and kings

simony

buying church offices

indulgences

pay to leave the purgatory

martin luther

salvation through faith, priesthood of all believers, scripture alone, vernacular bibles

95 theses

1517 complaints of corrupt catholic church

diet of worms

1521 demanded that luther recant

john calvin

predestination, the elect, church and state are equal

theocracy

bible was the rule of law

anabaptists

protestant, only adults should be baptized, absolute separation of church and state

puritans

english calvinists

english civil war

1642-1651 conflict of balance of power between charles 1 and parliament

huguenots

french calvinists

saint bartholomews day massacre

1572 mass killing of huguenots, henry navarre converted and rules france

edict of nantes

1593 catholic france with huguenot freedom

iconoclasm

destruction of catholic icons