Unit 2D: Intelligence

Intelligence

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

g (general intelligence)

according to Spearman, a general factor, derived from factor analysis, that underlies or contributes to performance on a variety of mental tests.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100.

Mental age

the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

Chronological age

Age as measured in years from date of birth.

Gardner's multiple intelligences

a theory that describes 8 different types of intelligence; contrasts with the concept of a g factor.

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

a theory that describes 3 types of intellignece: analytic, creative, and practical intelligence; contrasts with the concept of a g factor.

Savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

Psychometric principles

the science of psychological assessment.

Standardization

A test is administered using consistent procedures and environments. Results are compared to a pre-tested group.

Validity

A test measures what it is designed to measure.

Construct validity

The extent to which there is evidence that a test measures the concept(s) it is supposed to measure.

Predictive validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.

Reliability

A test yields the same results each time it is administered—consistency.

Test-retest reliability

a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions.

Split-half reliability

A test is divided into 2 halves and scores on the halves are compared to see if test is consistent within itself.

Stereotype threat

apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group leads to poorer performance.

Stereotype lift

A performance boost that occurs when downward comparisons are made with a denigrated outgroup.

Flynn effect

IQ scores have increased over time.

Achievement tests

a test that measures what someone knows.

Aptitude tests

a test that predicts how someone will perform in the future.

Fixed mindset

Believes intelligence is determined at birth and unchanging.

Growth mindset

Believes intelligence is due to experience and can change.