PAGE 18 — Mixtures & Concentration & PAGE 19 — Molarity, Diffusion, Osmosis
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67 Terms
What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixture where particles are evenly distributed.
Are solution particles small or large?
Very small (molecular size).
Do solution particles settle out?
No, they never settle.
Do solutions scatter light?
No, they do not scatter light.
What is a colloid?
A mixture with medium‑sized particles that stay dispersed.
Do colloid particles settle out?
No, they do not settle.
Do colloids scatter light?
Yes, they scatter light (Tyndall effect).
What is a suspension?
A heterogeneous mixture with large particles.
Do suspension particles settle out?
Yes, they settle over time.
Do suspensions scatter light?
Yes, but unevenly because particles are large.
Which mixture type is homogeneous?
Solutions.
Which mixture types are heterogeneous?
Colloids and suspensions.
Which mixture has the smallest particles?
Solutions.
Which mixture has the largest particles?
Suspensions.
Which mixture shows the Tyndall effect?
Colloids.
What is concentration?
The amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution.
What is percent concentration?
The amount of solute per 100 parts of solution.
What is percent mass/volume (% m/v)?
Grams of solute per 100 mL of solution.
What is percent mass/mass (% m/m)?
Grams of solute per 100 g of solution.
What is percent volume/volume (% v/v)?
mL of solute per 100 mL of solution.
What is molarity (M)?
Moles of solute per liter of solution.
What is the formula for molarity?
M = moles of solute ÷ liters of solution.
What is dilution?
Adding solvent to lower the concentration of a solution.
What is the dilution equation?
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂.
What happens to concentration when more solvent is added?
It decreases.
What happens to concentration when solvent evaporates?
It increases.
What is molarity (M)?
Moles of solute per liter of solution.
What is the formula for molarity?
M = moles of solute ÷ liters of solution.
What does “1 M solution” mean?
One mole of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.
How do you find moles from molarity?
Moles = molarity × liters.
How do you find volume from molarity?
Volume = moles ÷ molarity.
What is dilution?
Adding solvent to lower concentration.
What is the dilution equation?
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂.
What happens to molarity when more solvent is added?
It decreases.
What happens to molarity when solvent evaporates?
It increases.
What is dilution?
Adding solvent to lower the concentration of a solution.
What is the dilution equation?
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂.
What does M₁ represent in the dilution formula?
Initial molarity.
What does V₁ represent in the dilution formula?
Initial volume.
What does M₂ represent in the dilution formula?
Final molarity.
What does V₂ represent in the dilution formula?
Final volume.
What happens to concentration when more solvent is added?
It decreases.
What happens to concentration when solvent evaporates?
It increases.
Does dilution change the amount of solute?
No, only the amount of solvent changes.
Why does dilution lower concentration?
Because the same solute is spread out in more solvent.
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.
What causes diffusion to occur?
Random movement of particles.
Does diffusion require energy?
No, it is a passive transport
What direction do particles move during diffusion?
Down the concentration gradient.
What is an example of diffusion in the body?
Oxygen moving from lungs into the bloodstream.
How does temperature affect diffusion?
Higher temperature increases diffusion rate.
How does concentration difference affect diffusion?
Larger differences increase diffusion rate.
How does particle size affect diffusion?
Smaller particles diffuse faster.
What is equilibrium in diffusion?
When particles are evenly spread out.
Does diffusion stop at equilibrium?
No, particles continue moving but evenly.
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low solute to high solute.
Does osmosis require energy?
No, it is a passive transport
What direction does water move in osmosis?
Toward the area with higher solute concentration.
What is a semipermeable membrane?
A membrane that allows water to pass but not solutes.
What is a hypotonic solution?
A solution with lower solute concentration than the cell.
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
Water enters the cell and it swells.
What is a hypertonic solution?
A solution with higher solute concentration than the cell.
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water leaves the cell and it shrinks.
What is an isotonic solution?
A solution with equal solute concentration as the cell.
What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?
Water moves equally in both directions and the cell stays the same size.
What drives osmosis?
Differences in solute concentration.
What is osmotic pressure?
The pressure needed to stop osmosis.