REVISION YEAR 8 HISTORY: Public Health & Key Figures

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering public health developments, historical figures, and key events from the Year 8 History revision sheet.

Public Health

The health and well-being of ordinary people.

Miasma Theory

The theory that disease is caused by "bad air" or poisonous gas.

Contagion Theory

The theory that disease spreads through contact or germs.

Cholera

A deadly disease that hit Britain in $1831$ and killed approximately $32,000$ people.

Typhoid

A common disease linked to poor sanitation.

Edwin Chadwick

Author of an $1842$ report showing poor living conditions who supported the miasma theory.

John Snow

A key figure who proved cholera spreads through contaminated water, supporting the contagion theory.

Joseph Bazalgette

The individual who designed London’s underground sewer system.

Florence Nightingale

Founder of modern nursing who improved hospital hygiene and sanitation during the Crimean War.

Mary Seacole

A Jamaican nurse who helped soldiers during the Crimean War.

John Howard

Author of "The State of Prisons" who inspected and worked to reform early prisons.

Elizabeth Fry

A reformer who improved prison conditions, specifically for women prisoners.

Liverpool

A city that led major clean-up efforts during public health improvements.

Board of Health

A government body established to improve sanitation and investigate cholera outbreaks.

$$1831$$

The year of a significant cholera outbreak in Britain.

$$1842$$

The year Edwin Chadwick published his report on living conditions.

$$1789$$

The year the French Revolution began.

$$12\,May$$

The date celebrated as International Nurses Day.

Declaration of Independence

An important historical document from the American Revolution.

Lady with the Lamp

The nickname given to Florence Nightingale.

$$1860$$

The year Florence Nightingale started the first nursing school.

Early Prisons (1800s)

Dirty, overcrowded, and unhealthy environments where men, women, and children were often kept together.

Prison Corruption

A system where jailers made money from prisoners by charging for food, bedding, and release.

King Louis XVI

The French King whose execution in $1793$ shocked Britain due to its own monarchy.

$$1793$$

The year King Louis XVI was executed during the French Revolution.

Seven Years War

A conflict between Britain and France that took place from $1756$ to $1763$.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

The agreement that ended the Seven Years War and gave Britain French lands in North America.

American War of Independence

The conflict where colonies fought against Britain.

George Washington

The first U.S. President.

British Supporting Countries (Seven Years War)

Prussia, Hanover, and Portugal.

French Supporting Countries (Seven Years War)

Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Spain.

British Forts

Fort William Henry and Fort Oswego.

Fort Duquesne

A French Fort mentioned in the context of wars and empires.

William Pitt

The British Prime Minister.

Montcalm

The French Commander.

James Wolfe

A British General.

Hudson Bay

A British colony.

Quebec

A French colony.

The State of Prisons

The document written by John Howard detailing his inspections of prison conditions.

Crimean War

The war during which Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole provided essential nursing care to soldiers.