Nutrition test 4

25-29.9

What BMI is overweight

30

What BMI is obese

Epidemic

Appearance of disease or condition that attacks many people at the same time

Set point theory

Body sets a certain weight by means of its own internal conditions

Leptin

Regulatory hormone in the body found in the blood stream, regulated appetite control

Ghrelin

Stimulates appetite and promotes efficient energy storages, secreted in the stomach

Appetite suppressant

What is sibutramine

Pancreatic lipase inhibitor

What is orlistat

Bioavailability

Rate and extent that a nutrient is absorbed and used

Method of preparation and source of food

What is bioavailability determined by (2)

Precursors

Provitamins consumed in inactive form and become active in the body

Light, oxidation, cooking, storage

What can vitamins be destroyed by

Enlarge heart, muscular weakness, confusion, anorexia and weight loss

Deficiency symptoms of thiamin

Wernicke korasakoff syndrome, beriberi

Toxicities of thiamin

Whole grain, fortified, enriched grains, pork

Sources of thiamin

Inflamed eyelids and sensitivity to light, sore throat and cracks in corner of mouth, skin lesions covered with scales

Deficiencies of riboflavin

Ariboflavinosis

Toxicity of riboflavin

Milk products, enriched whole grains, liver

Sources of riboflavin

Pellagra, diarrhea, abdominal pain, swollen red tongue, depression, rash when exposed to sun

Deficiencies of niacin

Painful flush, hives, rash, excessive sweating, blurred vision, liver damage

Toxicities of niacin

Milk, eggs, meat poultry, fish, whole grain and enriched breads and cereal, nuts and all protein containing foods

Sources of niacin

Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numbness and tingling in extremities, red scaly rash, hair loss

Deficiencies of biotin

Organ meats, egg yolks, fish, soybeans, whole grains

Sources of biotin

Vomitting, nausea, stomach cramps, insomnia and fatigue, depression, hypoglycemia

Deficiencies of pantothenic acid

Organ meats, mushrooms, avocados, broccoli, potatoes, whole grains

Sources of pantothenic acid

Scaly dermatitis, anemia, depression

Deficiencies of B6

Depression, verve damage, convulsions and skin lesions

Toxicities of B6

Meats, fish, poultry and liver, legumes and soy products, non citrus fruits, fortified cereals

Sources of B6

Macrocytic anemia, smooth red tongue, mental conduction, weakness, fatigue, irritability and headaches

Deficiencies of folate

Fortified grains, leafy greens, legumes and seeds, liver

Sources of folate

Anemia, fatigue, depression, degeneration of peripheral nerves

Deficiencies of Cobalamin (B12)

Meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk cheese and eggs, fortified cereals

Sources of B12

Shown in liver damage

Deficiencies of choline

Body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage

Toxicities of choline

Milk, liver, eggs, peanuts

Sources of choline

Inositol

Made from glucose and is part of the cell membrane structure

Carmitine

Made from lysine and transports long chain fatty acids to be oxidized

Scurvy, anemia, bone fragility, bleeding gums and loose teeth, rough skin and bruises, muscle degeneration

Deficiencies of vitamin C

Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, hot flashes and rashes, kidney stones

Toxicities of vitamin C

Circus fruits, cantaloupe, strawberries, cabbage, dark green vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes

Sources of vitamin C

Infectious diseases, night blindness, keratinization, hypovitaminosis

Deficiencies of vitamin A

Xerophthalmia

Blindness due to lack of vitamin A

Xerosis

Cornea becomes dry and hard

Keratomalacia

Softening of cornea

Keratinization

Secretion of keratin in epithelia cells, rough, dry and scaly skin

Liver abnormalities, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, headaches, pressure in skull

Toxicities of vitamin A

Fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter

Sources of retinol (vitamin A)

Dark green leafy vegetables, deep orange fruits, deep orange vegetables

Sources of beta-carotene(vitamin A)

Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis

Deficiencies of vitamin D

Elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissue, frequent urination

Toxicities of vitamin D

Fortified milk, butter, chocolate, veal, beef, egg yolks, fatty fish, sun

Sources of vitamin D

Erythrocyte hemolysis, loss of muscle coordination, impairment of vision and speech, nerve damage

Deficiencies of vitamin E

Polyunsaturated plant oils, leafy green vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, liver and egg yolks, nuts and seeds

Sources of vitamin E

Hemorrhage

Deficiencies of vitamin K

Liver, leafy greens, milk

Sources of vitamin K

Water, beverages, fruit, vegetables, meat, cheese

Sources of water

Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite

Deficiencies of sodium

Edema and acute hypertension

Toxicities of sodium

Vomiting

Toxicity of chloride

Osteoprosis and stunted growth

Deficiencies of calcium

Constipation, urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction

Toxicities of calcium

Milk products, tofu, legumes, oysters, fortified cereals, mineral waters

Sources of calcium

Calcification of non skeletal issues

Toxicitiy of phosphorus

Weakness, convulsions, bizarre muscle movements, difficulties swallowing, growth failure

Deficiencies of magnesium

Diarrhea, alkalosis and dehydration

Toxicities of magnesium