History SL paper 1 Important dates
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68 Terms
When did Hitler withdraw Germany from the League of Nations?
October 1933
When was the Anglo-German Naval Agreement signed, and between whom?
June 1935 — between Britain and Germany. Allowed Germany a navy up to 35% of British strength, violating Versailles without consulting France.
When did Hitler remilitarise the Rhineland?
March 1936 — violated both Versailles and the Locarno Treaty. Britain and France did nothing.
When was the Anti-Comintern Pact signed, and between whom?
November 1936 — Germany and Japan (initially). Italy joined in November 1937.
When was the Anschluss?
March 1938 — Germany annexed Austria. No military resistance, Western powers issued no meaningful response.
When was the Munich Agreement, and who signed it?
September 1938 — Britain , France, Germany , Italy. Czechoslovakia was not consulted.
When did Hitler occupy the rest of Czechoslovakia after Munich?
March 1939 — proved appeasement had failed.
When was the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact signed, and between whom?
August 1939 — Germany and the USSR (Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact). Secret protocol divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence.
When did Germany invade Poland, triggering WWII?
1 September 1939
When did Italy sign the Stresa Front, and who were the parties?
April 1935 — Italy, Britain, and France. Agreed to oppose German treaty violations, especially regarding Austria.
When did Italy invade Abyssinia?
October 1935
When did Italy formally annex Abyssinia?
May 1936
When did the Rome-Berlin Axis form?
October 1936 — informal agreement between Mussolini and Hitler following shared intervention in the Spanish Civil War and Italy's diplomatic isolation after Abyssinia.
When did Italy leave the League of Nations?
December 1937
When was the Pact of Steel signed, and between whom?
May 1939 — Italy and Germany. A full military alliance committing each to support the other if either went to war.
When did Italy invade Albania?
April 1939
When did the Wal Wal Incident occur?
December 1934 — border clash between Italian and Abyssinian troops; Mussolini used it as a pretext for invasion.
When was the Battle of Adowa, and why does it matter?
1896 — Italy was defeated by Abyssinia. Created lasting humiliation and fuelled the 1935 desire for revenge and empire.
When did the Spanish Civil War begin and end?
July 1936 – April 1939
Approximately how many people died in the Spanish Civil War?
~500,000 deaths
How many troops did Italy send to Spain?
~70,000 troops — plus aircraft and tanks. Far larger than Germany's contribution in manpower.
What was Germany's military contribution to the Spanish Civil War?
The Condor Legion — aircraft and trained pilots used to test Blitzkrieg tactics.
When was the bombing of Guernica?
April 1937 — carried out by Germany's Condor Legion; a Basque civilian town. Became a symbol of fascist brutality.
When did Franco's Nationalists win the Spanish Civil War?
April 1939
What was the Hoare-Laval Pact and between whom?
December 1935 — secret deal between British Foreign Secretary Hoare and French PM Laval. Proposed giving Mussolini two-thirds of Abyssinia in exchange for peace. Leaked to the press; both men resigned in scandal.
What was the Peace Ballot and what did it show?
1935 British public poll — 11.6 million people voted in favour of collective security and disarmament. Showed the strength of pacifist sentiment that constrained government policy.
What was the Non-Intervention Committee and why did it fail?
Set up by Britain and France in 1936 to prevent foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War. Germany, Italy, and the USSR all signed then openly violated it. Britain and France ignored violations — showed collective security was dead.
What was the Locarno Treaty and why does it matter?
1925 — agreement between Germany, France, Belgium, Britain, and Italy guaranteeing the western borders set at Versailles. Germany violated it by remilitarising the Rhineland in 1936.
How many times did Chamberlain fly to Germany during the Sudetenland crisis?
Three times — culminating in the Munich Agreement, September 1938.
Put these Italian events in order: Pact of Steel / Abyssinia invasion / Rome-Berlin Axis / Albania invasion / Stresa Front
Apr 1935: Stresa Front → Oct 1935: Abyssinia invasion → Oct 1936: Rome-Berlin Axis → Nov 1937: Anti-Comintern joined → Apr 1939: Albania invasion → May 1939: Pact of Steel
When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
June 1919 — the peace settlement that ended WWI. Imposed war guilt, reparations, and military restrictions on Germany. Hitler's foreign policy was largely built around dismantling it.
When did Mussolini come to power in Italy?
October 1922 — the March on Rome. King Victor Emmanuel III appointed Mussolini as Prime Minister rather than risk civil conflict.
When did Hitler become Chancellor of Germany?
January 1933
When did Japan invade Manchuria?
September 1931 — League of Nations condemned it but took no action. Established that the League would not enforce collective security against a major power.
When did Germany reintroduce conscription?
March 1935 — directly violated Versailles. Britain and France protested but took no action; the Anglo-German Naval Agreement followed three months later.
What was the Four Year Plan and when was it launched?
1936 — Hitler's economic programme to make Germany war-ready within four years. Göring oversaw it; prioritised rearmament and autarky over consumer goods.
When did the League impose sanctions on Italy over Abyssinia?
November 1935
When were League sanctions on Italy lifted, and why does it matter?
July 1936 — lifted after Italy had already completed the annexation. Showed sanctions were too little, too late, and that the League had no real enforcement power.
What was the population of the Sudetenland and why does it matter?
3 million ethnic Germans — Hitler's stated justification for demanding it at Munich. Chamberlain accepted the argument that self-determination made the claim legitimate.
What were Hitler's orders to Rhineland troops if France resisted (1936)?
To retreat immediately — Hitler later admitted the 48 hours after the remilitarisation were the most nerve-wracking of his life. France's inaction was a critical missed opportunity.
1933 6 million unemployed (30% of workforce) → 1938: ~300,000. Rearmament and public works largely drove this reduction, giving Hitler enormous domestic legitimacy.
~10 billion lire — combined with Abyssinia costs, left Italy economically exhausted and less capable of independent foreign policy by 1939.
1933: 3% 1938: 8%. Britain did rearm after 1936 but far more slowly than Germany — used by historians like Overy to partially rehabilitate appeasement as buying time for rearmament.
Britain: 400,000 Germany: over 1 million. The military imbalance is central to understanding why Chamberlain felt he had no choice but to negotiate at Munich.
When was the World Disarmament Conference?
1933
What happened in the World Disarmament Conference?
Hitler withdraws 1933 after France’s insitance on maintaining TOV for next 4 years
When was Hitler’s first attempt at Anchluss with Austria
1934, however backed down after Mussolini sent 40000 troops to the border
When was Hitler’s second attempt at Anchluss with Austria?
March 1938
When did France and Czechoslovakia sign a defence treaty?
1924
when did Hitler publish mein kampf
1926
how many ethnic germans were living in west Poland ?
1 million
What argument did Hitler use for both the Suedetenland and Cezchoslovakia?
Self determination, ethnic germans were living under supression
When did Mussolini come to power?
1922 as the leader of Italy 1925 as Il Duce
what is the counter argument for questions about ideology?
opportunism
When did Stalin replace Litinov with Molotov to pursue an alliance with Germany instead of Britain and France?
may 1939
when did churchill become prime minister?
10 may 1940