Ch.11 Human Body Systems

Anatomy

Study of the structure of an organisms’ body parts (its form).

Physiology

Study of the functions of those parts.

Cell junctions

Connects the cells of a tissue. Hold cells in place, and allow them to cooperate in specific tasks.

Extracellular fluid

Serves as the body’s internal environment.

What are the 4 types of tissues in the human body?

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

Epithelial tissue

Covers external surfaces and lines cavities and tubes.

Connective tissue

Binds, supports, strengthens, protects, and insulates other tissues.

Muscle tissue

Moves the body or its parts.

Nervous tissue

Provides local and long-distance lines of communication.

Homeostasis

Body maintaining constant internal environment. Can maintain both positive and negative feedback.

Type 1 Diabetes

Body doesn’t produce enough insulin which requires insulin injection.

Type 2 Diabetes

Cells do not respond normally to insulin. Requires regularly controlled with diet & exercise.

What happens if you do not receive insulin?

The body cannot get enough glucose from blood causes levels to spike and drop.

Normal blood sugar level

99 mg/dL or lower.

Pre-diabetes blood sugar level

100-125 mg/dL

Diabetic blood sugar level

126 mg/dL or higher

Alimentary canal

At each stop, the organ follows certain steps in the processing of food. Starts at the mouth.

Stages for food production

Ingestion, digestion (breaking down food into particles to nutrient molecules), absorption (uptake of digested nutrients and waters across the gut wall), and elimination (removal of undigested residues).

Mechanical digestion

Use of physical processes to break down food into smaller pieces by chewing or churning.

Chemical digestion

Use of enzymes to perform hydrolysis, chemical reactions that use water to break bonds within large molecules.

Oral cavity

Site of ingestion and the first stages of digestion

Second step of the alimentary canal

At the pharynx, the epiglottis moves to cover the entrance to the trachea, directing food down the esophagus

Third step of the canal

Food moves through the esophagus to the stomach via muscle contractions called peristalsis.

Fourth step of the canal

Cells lining the stomach secrete gastric juice, containing enzymes such as pepsin.

5th step of the alimentary canal

Chemical digestion is completed and absorption occurs within the small intestine.

6th step of the alimentary canal

Within the colon, the main portion of the large intestine, water is absorbed.

7th step of the alimentary canal

Remaining waste is formed into feces and stored in the rectum. Feces exit in the anus.

Epiglottis

Closes off larynx during swallowing

Pharynx

Entrance to the gut and respiratory system.

Esophagus

Muscular tube moves food to the stomach.

Accessory organs

Secrete specific digestive chemicals into the alimentary canal via ducts.

What are common ailments?

Acid reflux, appendicitis, cholera, and ulcer

Obesity

Contributes to type 2 diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

Malnutrition

Caused by a diet lacing sufficient calories or essential nutrients.

Eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia can cause nutrient deficiencies and death.

Body mass index (BMI)

Ratio of weight to height.

How does gas exchanges occur in the respiratory system?

Occurs between blood capillaries and alveoli in your lungs.

Emphysema

Caused by long-term exposure to tobacco smoke or air pollution.

Bronchitis

Most commonly caused by a viral infection of the bronchioles.

Asthma

Long-term inflammation of the airway.

Circulatory system

Conveys oxygen from the lungs to body cells. Oxygen is used as a final electron receptor.

What does the circulatory system do?

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Carry blood to the heart.

Capiliaries

Join arterioles to venules, exchange materials in the interstitial fluid.

Pulmonary circuit

Shuttles blood from the heart to the lungs.

Systemic circuit

Shuttles blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

Importance of the heart in the circulatory system.

Blood enters the heart at the atria, which pumps it a short distance to the ventricles. Then, the ventricles pump it out of the heart to the rest of the body.

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Nervous tissue that times heartbeats

Atrioventricular (AV) node

SA node causes atria to contract and sends the signal to signal the ventricles to contract bottom up.

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Increases the risk of heart attack, heart disease, and stroke.

Heart disease

Results from fatty deposits blocking the arteries and is the most common cause of death among Americans.

Anemia

Occurs when the blood doesn’t carry enough oxygen.

Atheroscleorsis

Buildup of fatty deposits, plaque is the result of a gradual process.

What happens if the coronary arteries become blocked?

Muscle cells quickly die. Heart attacks can happen.

What does the coronary arteries supply the heart tissues?

Oxygen and energy

Plasma

Blood consists of small molecules and several types of cells dissolved in liquid.

Red blood cells

Transport oxygen using hemoglobin

White blood cells

Fight infections.

Platelets

form sticky plug that seals minor break.

Fibrin

Cross-link to form a clot (scabs).

Urinary System

Disposes wastes and helps regulate concentration of water and dissolved substances within the body.

Osmoregulation

Control of the gain or loss of water and dissolved ions.

Key organs of the urinary system

Kidneys, renal artery and vein, urinary bladder, ureter, and urethra.

How is urine produce?

Renal artery branch brings blood into the nephron, blood pressure pushes water and dissolved molecules out of the blood through filters, water and solutes reclaimed and returned to the blood by tiny capillaries, filtered blood returns to the blood stream by the renal vein, and urine travels within the tubules and collecting duct to the ureter.

Dialysis

Filtration of the blood by a machine mimicking the actions of kidneys.

Kidneys

Central organs of the urinary system.

Renal artery and vein

Blood supply to and from the kidneys

Urinary bladder

Stores urine

Ureter

Carries urine away from the kidneys.