Psych 16

what are the barriers of treatment

uncertainty if you qualify

stigma about mental illness

gender roles

expense and availability of treatment

how do psychologists approach therapy

change peoples behaviours and cognition (thinking process)

counseling psychologists

adress common / everyday type problems (stress, anxiety, depression)

clinical psychologists

treat everything from everyday problems to severe mentall health disorders

who has more training typically clinical or counseling psychologists

clinical

Psychaitrists primary goal is

to change brain chemistry by prescribing drugs

psychiatrist

physician who specializes in mental health

residential treatment centers

provide psychotherapy and skills training to reintegrate people back into society

community psychologist

psychologists that are within communities that examine what factors of the community contribute to mental health issues

what do community psychologists provide

public awareness

education programs

subsidized therapy

are most therapies tested for effacacy

yes, empirically supported (tested and researched)

what are the limitations to the scientific tests of therapies

no double blind

ethical considerations for control groups (can’t not treat someone)

cannot standardize therapeutic alliance

what is used as the control for therapy studies

best available treatment control

what is the best available treatment control

give a common effective treatment

(hoping new is better)

therapeutic alliance

relationship of patient and therapist

bibliotherapy

use of self help materials as therapy

is bibliotherapy benificial

minor effect

(variable source material)

what is the danger with bibliotherapy

people may not get the proper help they need

insight therapy

dialogue between client and therapist to understand psych issues

(talk therapy)

psychodynamic therapies

forms of isight therapies that emphasize the need to resolve unconscious conflicts

free association

speaking anything that comes to your mind

what did freud think free association was

your unconscious coming out

Freudian slip

saying a wrong word which freud thought was unconscious coming out

Humanistic existential psychotherapy often used what approach

phenomenological approach

Humanistic existential psychotherapy

how psych problems come from lack of fulfillment and how we can self actualize

phenomenological approach

therapist listens empathetically as feeling unfold in that moment

unconditional positive regard

assuring the client that they are accepted ( without fear of rejection )

who made unconditional positive regard

Carl rodgers

what did Carl Rodgers think psych issues came from

conditions of worth

conditions of worth

internal rules we belive we need to meet to gain acceptance / love

what did Carl Rodgers think needed to happen for people to heal

put conditions of worth aside to be able to self actualize

what are 2 modern insight therapies

object relation therapy

Emotion focused therapy

object relation therapy is a variation of __

psychodynamic therapy

object relation therapy

focuses on how our childhood experiences influence later psychology

Emotion focused therapy is a variation of ____

humanistic existential psychotherapy

emotion focused therapy

belief that it is better to face difficult emotions rather then bottling them up

what is the best form of therapy? What has the biggest impact?

no best

therapeutic alliance is the most important factor regardless

how can group / familly therapis be helpful

less expensive

organize the group to best fit

provides social support (can relate)

gives therapist a better understanding of the client in social environment

systems approach

therapists try to understand people within a system / see the family dynamic

what can systems approach help with

promoting better ways of interacting

(making sure noone is unintentionally setting back progress)

behavioural therapies

address problem behaviours and the factors that trigger them

behavioural therapies use ___ to remove behaviours

conditioning

aversive coditioning

replace positive response to stimulus with negative response

(use unpleasent stimulus to make someone give up unwatned behaviour)

2 forms of behavioural therapies

exposure therapies

aversive coditioning

3 types of exposure therapies

systematic desensitization

flooding

virtual regality exposure

systematic desensitization

teach ways to reduce anxiety and then gradually exposing them to more and more stressful stimuli

flooding

immediate and maximum exposure to stressful stimuli

(so they learn they can do it)

virtual regality exposure

expose people to more situations that wouldn’t be otherwise possible where they can learn to process the memory better

what is virtual regality exposure especially helpful for treating

PTSD in soldiers

what is the most empiracly supported therapy

cognitive behavioural therapy

cognitive behavioural therapy

addresses problematic behaviours and the underlying cognitions

(change negative thought patterns)

what techniques does cognitive behavioural therapy use to work

cognitive restructuring

stress inoculation training

cognitive restructuring

changing negative cognition into more realistic and rational thoughts

(they hate me cause they dont respons → they must be busy)

what happens the more we worry

the better we get a worrying (neuron paths strengthed)

stress inoculation training

putting traumatic memories in perspective and practicing how to properly respond

mindfulness based cognitive therapy

combines mindfulness mediation with standard cognitive behavioural therapy

mindfulness based cognitive therapy helps to develop ____

decentering

decentering

step back from our own thinking process and objectively look at it

psychopharamacotherapy

drug treatments

psychotropic durgs

drugs that influence our psychology in some way

are psychotropic drugs easily developed? why?

no, need to cross BBB

blood brain baarrier

tight network of blood vessels that only allow certain substances into the brain

mood stabilizers

drugs that prevent or reduce manic side effects of bipolar

litium is an ex of

mood stabilizers

why can Litium be dangerous

can lead to toxic buildup in blood

Litium is now often replaced by

anticonvulsant medications

do mood stabilizers remove manic phase

no, just reduce sevarity

what proportion of people stay on meds during manic phase of bipolar

1/2

antianxiety drugs

alleviate anxiety and prevent / reduce panic attacks

how do antianxiety drugs work

promote GABA therefore reduce neural actvity

xanax and vallium are ex of

antianxiety drugs

what is the side effects of mood stabilizers

wieght gain'

nausia

what is side effects of antianxiety drugs

impaired attention

drowsiness

high potential of drug abuse

MDMA assisted therapy

using MDMA and therapy to treat PTSD

what does MDMA do

increases serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine

how does MDMA work to better therapy

increase concentration and trust

antipsychotic drugs

for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

what did the first generation of antipsychotic drugs do

block dopamine receptors

what side effects did the first generation of atipsychotic drugs have

Tardive dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia

parkinsonian like sympotoms and facial tics

Atypical antipsychotics

second generation antipsychotic drugs

how do atypical antipsychotics work

reduces dopamine and serotonin (to a lesser degree)

side effects of atypical antipsychotics

weight gain

compromised immune system

monoamine theory of depression

under activity of NT (monoamine) that generates symptoms of depression

what are monoamines ex

serotonin

norepinephrine

what evidence supports monoamine theory

autopsies of major depressed people show UP regulation of monoamine receptors

most effective drugs target monoamines

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

deactivates monoamine oxidase (enzyme that breaks them down) leaves more to bind with receptors

Tricyclic antidepressants

blocks reuptake of serotonin / norepinephrine

what is the most common antidepressents

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

block reuptake of serotonin (more selective so less side effects)

example of SSRI

prozac

side effects of SSRI

sexual dysfunction

weight gain

are antidepressants “happy pills”

no, bring back to baseline

how long does it take antidepressent to have clinical effect (actual mood change)

weeks - months

what does clinical effect of antidepressents better align with

down regulation of 5HT1A (serotinin receptor)

down regulation

deleting receptors

do antidepressents cause the down regulation of pre or post synaptic receptors

pre synaptic (continues to release serotonin, doesn’t know when to stop)

SSRIs also stimulate the release of ____ to do____

BDNF which promotes neurogenesis in hippocampus

response

is there reduction in symptoms

remission

is symptom free maintained