AP BIO AHAFHSADJFJKDAKJ

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Adhesion

The attractive force between water molecules and other polar substances, allowing water to stick to different surfaces.

Cohesion

The attractive force between water molecules that causes them to stick together, resulting from hydrogen bonding.

Evaporative cooling

The process by which the evaporation of water removes heat from an organism or environment.

Heat of vaporization

The energy required to convert a liquid to a gas, enabling water to remove heat from organisms through evaporative cooling.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal environmental conditions in an organism despite external and internal changes.

Hydrogen bond

Weak attractive forces between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom, occurring between or within biological molecules.

Polar covalent bonds

Chemical bonds between atoms where electrons are unequally shared, resulting in partial positive and negative charges.

Polarity

The unequal distribution of electrical charge in a molecule, resulting in one end being partially positive and the other partially negative.

Specific heat capacity

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree, allowing water to resist rapid temperature changes.

Surface tension

The property of water that allows its surface to resist breaking, resulting from hydrogen bonding between adjacent water molecules.

Carbohydrates

Biological molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as a primary source of energy and structural support in living organisms.

Carbon

An element that is the most prevalent component of biological molecules and forms the backbone of all organic compounds.

Hydrogen

An element that is a prevalent component of biological molecules and is bonded to carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen in macromolecules.

Lipid

Hydrophobic or amphipathic biological molecules composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that store energy and form cell membranes.

Macromolecules

Large, complex molecules composed of many atoms that are essential for life processes, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Nitrogen

An element used in the building of nucleic acids and proteins as part of amino groups and nitrogenous bases.

Nucleic acid

Macromolecules composed of nucleotides containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus that store and transmit genetic information

Oxygen

An element that is a prevalent component of biological molecules and is found in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Phospholipid

Amphipathic molecules with hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that form the basic structure of the cell membrane

Phosphorus

An element used in the building of phospholipids and nucleic acids, particularly in phosphate groups.

Protein

Macromolecules composed of amino acids linked together, containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and often sulfur, that perform diverse functions in cells.

Sulfur

An element used in the building of proteins, often found in disulfide bonds between amino acids.

Covalent bond

Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms, which can be broken or formed during macromolecule reactions.

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction that joins two smaller molecules together through covalent bonding by removing water, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that breaks down molecules by cleaving covalent bonds through the addition of water, splitting polymers into smaller monomers.

Monomer

Small individual molecules that serve as the building blocks for larger polymers.

Polymer

A large molecule composed of many monomers linked together through covalent bonds

Polymerization

The process by which many monomers are connected together to form a polymer.

Cellulose

A polysaccharide polymer composed of glucose monomers that provides structural support in plant cell walls.

Covalent bond

Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms, which can be broken or formed during macromolecule reactions.

Glycogen

A polysaccharide polymer that serves as an energy storage molecule in animals.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that serve as monomers (building blocks) for polysaccharides and carbohydrates.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates formed by linking many monosaccharide monomers together through covalent bonds.

Starch

A polysaccharide polymer that serves as an energy storage molecule in plants.

Cholesterol

A steroid molecule found in the plasma membranes of vertebrate animals that regulates membrane fluidity and stability

Fats

Lipids composed of glycerol and fatty acids that provide energy storage, support cell function, and can provide insulation in mammals.

Fatty acid

Organic compounds consisting of a carboxyl group attached to a long hydrocarbon chain; can be saturated or unsaturated.

Hydrophobic

Water-repelling; referring to nonpolar molecules or regions that do not interact favorably with water.

Lipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that forms the basic structure of cell membranes and plasma membranes.

Nonpolar

Referring to molecules or groups with even distribution of electrical charge, making them hydrophobic.

Plasma membrane

The selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, composed of phospholipids, proteins, and other molecules that regulate what enters and exits the cell.

Saturated fatty acid

Fatty acids that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms

Unsaturated fatty acid

Fatty acids that contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms, causing the carbon chain to kink.

Steroid

Lipids with a four-ring carbon structure that function as hormones supporting growth, development, energy metabolism, and homeostasis.

3’ end of nucleic acid

The end of a nucleic acid strand defined by the three prime hydroxyl group of the sugar.

5’ end of nucleic acid

The end of a nucleic acid strand defined by the five prime phosphate group of the sugar.

Adenine

A purine nitrogenous base found in both DNA and RNA that pairs with thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA.

Antiparallel

The orientation of the two DNA strands running in opposite directions, with one strand oriented 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'

base pairing

The specific pairing of nitrogenous bases between DNA strands (A-T and C-G) or in RNA (A-U).

Cytosine

A pyrimidine nitrogenous base found in both DNA and RNA that pairs with guanine

Deoxyribose

A five-carbon sugar found in DNA nucleotides.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded nucleic acid that stores genetic information using deoxyribose sugar and thymine as a nitrogenous base

Double helix

The three-dimensional structure of DNA consisting of two antiparallel strands twisted around each other.

Guanine

A purine nitrogenous base found in both DNA and RNA that pairs with cytosine.

Nitrogenous base

A nitrogen-containing molecule that is part of a nucleotide; includes adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

Nucleotide

The monomer unit of nucleic acids, consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Ribose

A five-carbon sugar found in RNA nucleotides.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid; typically a single-stranded nucleic acid that uses ribose sugar and uracil as a nitrogenous base.

Thymine

A pyrimidine nitrogenous base found in DNA that pairs with adenine.

Uracil

A pyrimidine nitrogenous base found in RNA that pairs with adenine.

Alpha-helix

A coiled secondary structure of a protein formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms of the polypeptide chain

Amino acid

Organic molecules that serve as the building blocks of proteins, each composed of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a variable R group.

beta-pleated sheet

An extended secondary structure of a protein formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms of the polypeptide chain, creating a zigzag pattern

Disulfide bridge

Covalent bonds formed between sulfur atoms in cysteine R groups that stabilize tertiary protein structure

Hydrophobic interaction

Interactions between nonpolar R groups that cluster together in the interior of a protein to avoid contact with water, contributing to tertiary structure.

Ionic interaction

Electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged R groups that stabilize tertiary protein structure.

Peptide bond

Covalent bonds formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of another amino acid, linking amino acids together in a protein chain.

Polypeptide

A chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Primary structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, determined by the specific order of amino acids in the protein.

Quaternary structure

The arrangement and interactions of multiple polypeptide chains within a protein complex.

R group

The variable side chain of an amino acid that determines its chemical properties (hydrophobic/nonpolar, hydrophilic/polar, or ionic) and influences protein structure and function.

Secondary structure

Local folding patterns in a protein formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone, including alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets.

Tertiary structure

The three-dimensional shape of a protein resulting from interactions such as hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions, and disulfide bridges between R groups.

aqua

water

phag

eat

amphi

dual

pori

small opening

co

together

trans

across

genic

producing

hyper

exceeding

hypo

lower

tonus

tension

pino

drink

allo

different

ana

up

cata

down

facilitated diffusion

diffusion through transport proteins in the plasma membrane

diffusion

passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

concentration gradient

a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

fluid mosaic model

a plasma membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules drifting in a fluid phospholipid bilayer

first law of thermodynamics

energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

second law of thermodynamics

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe (transformation of usable energy to heat)

ligand

a molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one

catabolic pathway

a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones

anabolic pathway

a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones

tonicity

the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water

isotonic

a solution that causes no net movement of water into or out of a cell

hypertonic

a solution that will cause a cell to lose water