Medical Terminology Exam #2 SLIDES

Origin

where muscle begins, nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton

Insertion

where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone/tendon, farthest point from midline, more movable

Ataxia

lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement, often shaky and unsteady movements

Myalgia

tenderness or pain in the muscles

Sarcopenia

loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging

Atonic

lacking normal muscle tone or strength

Dystonia

movement disorder; characterized by involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles

Hypotonia

diminished tone of the skeletal muscles; described as floppy baby syndrome in infants

bradykinesia

extreme slowness in movement

Dyskinesia

fragmented or jerky motions

Hyperkinesia (hyperactivity)

abnormally increased muscle function or activity

Muscular dystrophy (MD)

general term for a group of more than 30 genetic diseases; progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles

Two most common forms of muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

severe, progressive genetic muscle disorder, characterized by a lack of the protein dystrophin

Becker muscular dystrophy

rare, inherited x-linked recessive disorder causing slowly progressive muscle weakness in the hips, pelvis, thighs, and shoulders (mostly affecting males)

Quadriplegia (tetraplegia)

paralysis of all four extremities

Tenolysis

release of a tendon from adhesions

Myo-

muscle

Quad-

four

Sarc-

muscle

Brady-

slowed

Kine-

movement

-ia

pertaining to

-itis

inflammation

-lysis

loosening, breakdown, destruction

-plegia

full paralysis

-trophy

development, growth

ADL

activities of daily living

CTS

carpal tunnel syndrome

MD

muscular dystrophy

OT

occupational therapy/occupational therapist

RSD

repetitive stress disorder

ROM

range of motion testing

Angi/o

blood or lymph vessel

Aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

ather/o

plaque, fatty substance

phelb/o

vein

ven/o

vein

Pulmonary circulation

flow of blood only between the heart and lungs

Systemic circulation

flow of blood to all body parts

Numerator of blood pressure

systolic blood pressure (pressure inside your arteries when your heart is contracting)

denominator of blood pressure

diastolic blood pressure (pressure inside your arteries when your heart is relaxed)

Atherosclerosis

hardening of the blood vessels

Myocardial infarction (MI)

heart attack, when blood flow to the heart is blocked caused by ischemia to cardiac muscle

Heart failure

where heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs

Cardiomegaly

abnormally enlarged heart

Carditis

inflammation of the heart

Endocarditis

inflammation of the heart’s inner lining or valves

Pericarditis

inflammation of the heart’s outer lining

Myocarditis

inflammation of the heart’s muscle layer

Bradycardia

abnormally slow resting heart rate

Tachycardia

abnormally rapid resting heart rate

Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)

inflammation of temporal arteries

Hypoperfusion

deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part

Phlebitis

inflammation of a vein

Thrombus

blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery/vein

Sepsis (septicemia)

bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream

Thrombocytopenia

abnormally small number of platelets (thrombocytes)

Hemorrhage

loss of a large amount of blood in a short time

Cholesterol

fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body

Hyperlipidemia

elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood

Hypertension (HTN)

high blood pressure

Hypotension

lower than normal arterial blood pressure

Orthostatic hypotension (postural hypotension)

low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up; remains lower than normal as long as the patient remains standing

Angiography

x-ray of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium

Venography

radiographic test, provides an image of specific veins, contrast dye is injected

Venoplasty

placing a balloon within a vein to push plaque up against the wall so that blood can flow smoothly

Angioplasty

placing a balloon within an artery to push plaque up against the wall so that blood can flow smoothly

Functions of the lymphatic system

absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins, removes waste products and cooperates with the immune system in destroying pathogens, returns filtered lymph to the veins at the base of the neck

Splenomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the spleen

Immune system function

maintaining good health and protecting the body from harmful substances

Immunosuppressant

prevents or reduces body’s normal immune response, administered to prevent rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders

Parasites

plants or animals living on or within a living organism at the expense of that organism

Covid 19

viral infection

Antiviral drug

drug that kills virus

Benign tumor

not a form of cancer, not life threatening, can cause damage as it grows and places pressure on adjacent structures

Malignant tumor

form of cancer, capable of spreading to distant body sites, could be life threatening

Sarcoma

broad term for rare cancers that develop in connective tissues like bones, muscles, fat, etc.

Myomas

noncancerous tumors that grow in or on the muscular walls of the uterus that cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain and frequent urination.

Metastasis

process by which cancer is spread to a new site, describes also the tumor itself

Lumpectomy

removal of only the cancerous tissue for breast cancer

Mastectomy

removal of entire breast and nipple to treat breast cancer

Breast reconstruction

done after cancer treatment is over to restore breast shape, size, and symmetry to improve confidence and body image.

Cancer treatments

chemotherapy, chemoprevention, antineoplastic, cytotoxic drugs, radiation therapy, and more

Pleura

thin, moist, and slippery membrane; covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity

pleural cavity (pleural space)

thin, fluid filled space between parietal and visceral pleural membranes

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD

group of lung diseases; bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out, most often caused by long term smoking, generally permanent and progressive

chronic bronchitis

disease in which the airways have become inflamed

emphysema

progressive, long-term loss of lung function

asthma

chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction

bronchospasm

contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

epistaxis (nosebleed)

bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure

bronchiolitis

inflammation of the bronchioles

rhinorrhea (runny nose)

watery flow of musus from the nose

sinusitis

inflammation of the sinuses

pharyngitis

sore throat

laryngospasm

rare, sudden, and involuntary tightening of the vocal cords that temporarily blocks the airway, lasting about 20-60 seconds

aphonia

loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds

dysphonia

any impairment in vocal quality; hoarseness, weakness, cracking of a boy’s voice during puberty