global

WHO 1948 Definition of Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just absence of disease.

Public Health vs. Medicine

Public health is population-focused and preventive; medicine is individual-focused and treatment-oriented.

DALY

Disability-Adjusted Life Year; years lost due to ill-health, disability, or premature death.

HALE

Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy; modifies life expectancy by health quality.

Key Lesson from Kerala Case Study

Education and equity improve health outcomes even with low income.

SDGs Related to Health/Nutrition

SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health), SDG 6 (Clean Water), SDG 13 (Climate Action).

Impact of Wealth on Health

Wealth improves nutrition, leading to better health and longer life expectancy; poverty worsens health.

Joffe Cycle

Self-reinforcing loop that connects health, labor productivity, and nutritional intake.

Height as a Health Indicator

Height reflects childhood nutrition and is associated with education and income.

Indonesia Health Clinic Fee Study

Raising fees decreased healthcare utilization and productivity.

Undernutrition's Generational Impact

Oaxaca case study demonstrated that undernutrition impacts span generations.

Population Momentum

Growth continues even after fertility drops to replacement level.

Demographic Transition Model

Shows the shift from high birth/death rates to lower rates as societies develop.

Five Main Strategies to Feed 9.8 Billion People

1) Close yield gaps, 2) Increase yield potential, 3) Reduce waste, 4) Change diets, 5) Expand aquaculture.

Biofortification

Breeding crops for enhanced nutrient content (e.g., Vitamin A in maize, carotene-rich carrots).

Relevance of Barbara McClintock & Katalin Karikó

Examples of scientific breakthroughs that advance agricultural practices.

Burkina Faso Poultry Project

Empowering women enhances nutrition and economic power.

CIMMYT's Mission

Improve maize and wheat varieties to be stress-tolerant and disease-resistant.

Anna Herforth Study Findings

Nutritious diets are often unaffordable in many low-income countries.

Food Price Shock

A rapid increase in food prices forcing poor households to alter their diet.

Ecosphere

Natural environment essential for human health.

Symptoms of Ecosphere Decline

Includes climate change, soil degradation, biodiversity loss, and water pollution.

Hypoxia/Eutrophication

Oxygen depletion in water bodies from nutrient runoff leading to dead zones.

Reductionist vs. Holistic Approaches

Reductionist focuses on isolated components; holistic considers entire systems.

Agroecology

Sustainable agricultural practices based on ecological principles.

Impact of Industrial Agriculture

While it achieves high yields, it has detrimental effects on ecosystems.

Horticultural Crops

Includes fruits, vegetables, nuts, and specialty crops, which are high-value and small-scale.

Importance of Horticultural Crops

Provide essential vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients.

Fruit/Vegetable Intake among Americans

Approximately 10% of Americans meet the recommended goals for fruit and vegetable intake.

Major Challenges in Crop Production

Issues with cold chain, storage, transport, and seed propagation.

Example of Crop Improvement

Carrot breeding to enhance provitamin A content and climate resilience.

Global Documentation of Horticultural Contributions

Many horticultural crops are not well-tracked, especially in developing nations.

Nutritional Benefits of Animal Source Foods

Complete proteins, essential vitamins and minerals (iron, B12, calcium, zinc, omega-3s).

Bioavailability

The proportion of a nutrient that is absorbed and utilized by the body.

Risks of Excessive Animal Source Foods

May lead to chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and certain cancers.

Malawi Childhood Stunting Rate

Approximately 37% of children are classified as stunted.

Importance of Fish in Malawi

Contributes to 40-60% of protein intake and supports local economies.

Global Animal Source Foods Trend

Poultry consumption is increasing the fastest globally.

FoodTank Double Pyramid Framework

Framework illustrating diets that are beneficial for both health and the environment.

WHO Healthy Diet Definition

Includes at least 400 grams of fruits and vegetables per day, alongside legumes, nuts, and whole grains.

Characteristics of a Nutrient-Dense Diet

Provides essential nutrients with variety, balances calories, and limits sugars/fats/salts.

Importance of Individualization in Diets

Diets must reflect personal culture, preferences, and financial means.

History of U.S. Dietary Guidelines

Evolved from food groups to MyPlate through various models.

Reason for Government Dietary Guidelines

Formulate the basis for federal nutrition programs like SNAP and WIC.

Food Security Challenges

Includes issues like food deserts, affordability, and misleading marketing.

Diet Culture and Fad Diet Issues

Promotes unhealthy restrictions and unrealistic ideals of body image.

Practical Strategies for Healthy Eating

Include cooking at home, controlling portions, eating whole foods, and limiting sugar.