BIOL 121 Lab Final Exam

length base unit

meter

weight base unit

grams

volume base unit

liters

temperature base unit

Celsius

why is having a standard measurement system important in science?

so that scientists can collaborate and be on the same page

science

answers a question about the natural world through controlled experiments and extensive verification

scientific method steps

observations, hypothesis, experiment, conclusions, theory

pillbug body parts

head, thorax, abdomen, antennae, compound eyes, gills

where do pillbugs live?

dark, damp places

what type of skeleton do pillbugs have?

exoskeleton

working distance

distance between objective and lens

working distance decreases with increased ______

magnification

total magnification

eyepiece magnification x objective magnification

field of view

area of the image you see through ocular

light intensity

amount of light

depth of field

thickness of visible plane while in sharp focus

dissecting microscope magnification

up to 4x

dissecting microscope resolution

weaker than compound

dissecting microscope field of view size

larger than compound

dissecting microscope depth of field

larger than compound

compound microscope magnification

up to 40x

compound microscope resolution

excellent

compound microscope field of view size

smaller at higher magnification

compound microscope depth of field

smaller than dissecting

ocular

lens you look through

objectives

lenses that have different magnifications beneath oculars

condenser

focuses light from light source on specimen

iris diaphragm

regulates amount of light that reaches specimen

stage

the place the microscope slide goes on

coarse adjustment

raises stage dramatically

fine adjustment

raises stage slowly

importance of mitosis

cell growth, repair, forming new organisms

product of mitosis

2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells

prophase mitosis

chromatin condenses into chromosomes

metaphase mitosis

chromosomes align in the center of the cell

interphase mitosis

longest part of the cell cycle

prometaphase mitosis

nuclear envelope breaks down

cytokinesis mitosis

cell is cleaved into two new daughter cells

telophase mitosis

daughter chromosomes arrive at poles

anaphase mitosis

chromatids are pulled apart

how is meiosis different from mitosis?

chromosome number decreases, ensures genetic variation, 2 cell divisions occur

product of meiosis

four unique haploid daughter cells

meoisis I phases

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I

meiosis II phases

prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II

prophase I

chromosomes condense and become visible

metaphase I

tetrads lign up in the middle of the cell

anaphase I

homologous chromosomes split and move to poles

telophase I

two independent haploid cells begin to form

product of meiosis I

two haploid cells

prophase II

nucleus disintegrates

metaphase II

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase II

sister chromatids split

telophase II

four haploid daughter cells are formed

independent variable

variable being changed

dependent variable

Variable that is being measured or tested

control group

does not receive independent variable

termite classification

kingdom Animalia, phylum Arthropoda

termite facts

decomposers, we used worker termites, use chemical pheremones for communication (papermate pens)

dehydration

forms macromolecules

hydrolysis

water molecules are added and break bonds between macromolecules

positive control

substance and reagent = color change

negative control

water and reagent = no color change (reinforces events)

protein molecules

amino acids, form a polypeptide chain

What type of bond connects proteins

peptide bond

What is biuret test and results?

Chemical test to detect petide bonds in proteins

purple: protein, pink: peptide

carbohydrates molecule

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

carbohydrates bond

glycosidic bond

iodine test

starch: blue/black, none: no change/brown

how are carbohydrates stored?

as glycogen in animals, as starch in plants

benedict's reagent test

Tests for glucose
very high sugar: red, high: orange, low: green, none: blue

lipid solubility

insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol/ether

paper bag test

if something has fat/oil, it leaves a greasy stain

lipids in organisms

fats in animals, oils in plants

how are lipids broken down?

Through bile salts which fully break down in digestion

phospholipid

2 fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate that undergo a dehydration reaction

photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O +light ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

light reactions

chlorophyll absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy (ATP + NADPH). water is split, releasing O2

dark reactions

ATP, NADPH, and CO2 make glucose, most of which is converted into starch for storage

autotrophs

synthesize organic nutrients

pigments

absorb light

pigments in photosynthesis

chlorophyll a & b (green), accessory: carotenes and xanthophylls (orange & yellow)

spectrophotometer

machine that identifies wavelengths of light that a pigment can absorb (helps make an absorption spectrum)

enzymes

organic catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions

reactants of an enzyme reaction

substrate

degradation reaction

substrate is broken down to products

synthesis reaction

substrates are joined to form a product

active site

enzyme-substate complex

enzyme specificity

promotes enzyme activity by only functioning when paired with an ideal substrate

temperature + enzyme activity

medium-high is best, too high denatures

enzyme/substrate concentration

high concentration promotes activity

pH + enzyme activity

needs a very specific pH to function

alleles

alternate forms of a gene

genetics

study of heredity

heredity

passing of traits from parent to offspring

traits

characteristics that are inherited

gene

a unit of DNA that governs a particular trait, located on chromosomes

locus

location of a gene on chromosome

diploid

two sets of chromosomes that are homologous pairs

haploid

one set of chromosomes (end of meiosis)

genotype

genetic makeup of an individual