COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

Samuel Johnson

Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful.

Research

Is defined as a human activity based on intellectual application in investigation of matter. It is a tool of searching for a theory, and for solving a problem.

rechercher

The word research is derived from the French

To search; its literal meaning is "to investigate thoroughly."

where "chercher" means

Waltz and Bausell, 1981

Research is a systematic, formal, rigorous, and precise process employed to gain solutions to problems and/or to discover and interpret new facts and relationships

Payton, 1979

Research is the process of looking for a specific answer to a specific question in an organized, objective, and reliable way.

Kerlinger, 1973

Research is the systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena

Selltiz, et al., 1979

Research is to search again, to take another more careful look, to find our more

Leedy, 1974

Research is a systematic quest for undiscovered truth

Tuckman, 1972

Research is a systematic attempt to provide answers to questions

1. Historical research

2. Qualitative research

3. Descriptive research

4. Correlational research

5. Causal-comparative research

6. Experimental research

7. Action research

8. Applied research

9. Basic research

10.Clinical trials

11.Epidemiological research

12.Evaluation research

13.Literature review

TYPES OF RESEARCH

Historical research

It is involved with the study of past events. It is the critical investigation of events, developments, and experiences of the past, the careful weighing of evidence of the validity of sources of information on the on the past and the interpretation of the weighed evidence.

Qualitative research

It is also referred to as ethnographic research, is involved in the study of current events rather than past events. It involves the collection of extensive narrative data (nonnumerical data) on many variables over an extended period of time in a naturalistic setting.

Descriptive research

It involves collecting data in order to test hypotheses or answer questions regarding the subjects of the study. In contrast with the qualitative approach the data are numerical. The data are typically collected through a questionnaire, an interview, or through observation.

Descriptive research

In the ______________, the investigator reports the numerical results for one or more variables on the subjects of the study.

Correlational research

It attempts to determine whether and as to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable (numerical) variables. However, it is important to remember that although there is a significant relationship between two variables, it does not follow that one variable causes the other.

Causal-comparative research

It attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the variables of the study. The attempt is to establish that the values of the independent variable have a significant effect on the dependent variable.

Experimental research

It is like causal-comparative research attempts to establish cause-effect relationship among the groups of subjects that make up the independent variable of the study, but in the case of experimental research, the cause (the independent variable) is under the control of the experimenter.

Action research

It is a methodology that combines action and research to examine specific questions, issues, or phenomena through observation and reflection, and deliberate intervention to improve practice.

Applied research

It is a research undertaken to solve practical problems rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge sake.

Basic research

It is an experimental and a theoretical work undertaken to acquire knowledge for knowledge sake.

Clinical trials

These are research studies undertaken to determine better ways to prevent, screen for, diagnose, or treat diseases.

Epidemiological research

It is concerned with the description of health and welfare in populations through the collection of data related to health and the frequency, distribution, and determinants of disease in populations, with the aim of improving health.

Evaluation research

It is a research conducted to measure the effectiveness or performance of a program, concept, or campaign in achieving its objectives.

Literature review

It is a critical examination, summarization, interpretation, or evaluation of existing literature in order to establish current knowledge on a subject.

Chapter 1. THE PROBLEM

Chapter 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Chapter 3. METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Chapter 4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Chapter 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

University - A (Education/Descriptive)

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2. EVALUATION DESIGN AND FRAMEWORK

Chapter 3. METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF DATA

Chapter 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chapter 5. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter 6. The Output

University - B (Education/Descriptive)

Chapter 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Chapter 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Chapter 3. METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Chapter 4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Chapter 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

University - C (English, Literature/Qualitative)

Academic integrity

Is the central principle on which the academic community depends. If a researcher falsifies data to support a hypothesis, or if a scholar steals the clever ideas of another and claims them as his or her own, the climate of trust that fosters the growth of knowledge and the creation of new ideas is destroyed.

Plagiarism

What is the most common academic fraud and it can range from an extremely serious to a minor offence.

Plagiarism

Is a combination of stealing and lying about it afterwards. It means using others' work and misrepresenting that work as your own without giving the author credit: this includes ideas, words, data, computer programming, or any other creative endeavor.