Packet 24 - Global Inequality and Terrorism - AP World TP4 (1900-Present)

United Nations

An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, human rights, international law, and cooperation; it includes bodies like the General Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat, UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO, and UNHCR.

General Assembly

The deliberative body of the United Nations where all member states have representation and vote on major international issues such as refugees, human rights, and peacekeeping.

Security Council

The most powerful branch of the United Nations, responsible for maintaining peace through sanctions, military action, and peacekeeping missions; it works closely with the Secretariat and International Court of Justice.

Secretariat

The administrative branch of the United Nations led by the Secretary-General that manages peacekeeping, diplomacy, humanitarian aid, and international coordination.

Peacekeeping

The deployment of international forces to reduce conflict, protect civilians, and stabilize war-torn regions.

World Health Organization

A United Nations agency focused on global public health, disease prevention, and emergency response, often working with UNICEF and NGOs during crises.

Doctors Without Borders

An international humanitarian NGO that provides emergency medical aid in war zones, refugee crises, and disaster areas, similar to the Red Cross.

Tiananmen Square

A site in Beijing where Chinese troops violently suppressed pro-democracy protests in 1989, becoming a major symbol in global human rights discussions.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1948 United Nations document establishing basic rights and freedoms for all people, shaping organizations like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.

Human Rights

The basic freedoms and protections all people deserve, including speech, equality, citizenship, and protection from discrimination, central to the United Nations mission.

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

A United Nations agency focused on protecting children through education, nutrition, healthcare, and refugee assistance.

Global Feminism

A worldwide movement advocating political, economic, and social equality for women, connected to later activism.

Refugees

People forced to flee their country because of war, persecution, or disaster; organizations like UNHCR, UNICEF, and Doctors Without Borders often support them.

International Court of Justice

The judicial branch of the United Nations that settles legal disputes between countries and interprets international law.

Segregation

The forced separation of racial groups in public life, central to Jim Crow in the United States and apartheid in South Africa.

Double V Campaign

A World War II movement demanding victory against fascism abroad and racism at home, helping inspire later Civil Rights activism.

Rosa Parks

A civil rights activist whose refusal to give up her seat in Montgomery helped spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott and broader campaigns led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

WEB Dubois

An intellectual and activist who fought segregation, promoted Pan-African thought, and helped found early civil rights organizations.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

A major leader of the Civil Rights Movement who used nonviolent protest against Jim Crow, led campaigns like the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and helped secure the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act.

Marcus Garvey

A Black nationalist leader who promoted racial pride, economic independence, and Pan-African unity, influencing later global Black movements.

Plessy v Ferguson

An 1896 U.S. Supreme Court case that legalized segregation under "separate but equal," later overturned by Brown v Board of Education.

Brown v Board of Education

A 1954 Supreme Court decision that declared segregated schools unconstitutional, directly challenging Plessy v Ferguson and Jim Crow.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A 1955-1956 protest against segregated buses sparked by Rosa Parks and led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Jim Crow

A system of racial segregation and discrimination in the United States enforced through Jim Crow Laws until the Civil Rights Movement.

Red Lining

A discriminatory housing practice that denied loans and services to minority communities, reinforcing segregation and economic inequality.

Civil Rights Act

A 1964 U.S. law that banned segregation and discrimination in public spaces, employment, and education.

Voting Rights Act

A 1965 law that protected minority voting rights and challenged discriminatory practices rooted in Jim Crow.

Citizen

A legally recognized member of a state with political rights and protections, often central to debates over human rights and statelessness.

Limited citizenship

A condition where people legally belong to a state but lack full political or civil rights, often seen under segregation and apartheid.

Stateless

A status in which a person is not recognized as a citizen by any country, making them especially vulnerable as refugees.

Apartheid

A South African system of legal racial segregation enforced through pass laws and limited citizenship until dismantled through activism.

Pass Laws

South African laws requiring Black citizens to carry documents controlling movement under apartheid.

Nelson Mandela

A leader of the African National Congress who fought apartheid, spent 27 years in prison, and later worked with F.W. de Klerk to create democracy. The first president of South Africa.

African National Congress

A political movement that fought apartheid in South Africa under leaders like Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu.

F.W. de Klerk

The South African president who negotiated the end of apartheid with Nelson Mandela.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

A post-apartheid body led by Desmond Tutu that investigated human rights abuses and promoted healing.

Dalits

A historically oppressed social group in India marginalized by caste discrimination and often central to human rights activism.

Me Too Movement

A modern global movement against sexual harassment and abuse that expanded the goals of global feminism.

Black Lives Matter Movement

A movement protesting racial violence and systemic inequality, building on earlier Civil Rights activism.

Occupy Movement

A protest movement criticizing economic inequality and corporate influence, connected to globalization activism.

Battle of Seattle

A 1999 protest against the WTO that challenged globalization, labor exploitation, and corporate power.

Indymedia

A grassroots independent media network created during globalization protests.

Muvimento Negro Unificado

A Brazilian Black rights movement that fought racism and discrimination.

CONAIE

An Indigenous political movement advocating land rights, citizenship, and social justice.

Rigoberta Menchu

An Indigenous Guatemalan activist who advocated for human rights and Indigenous rights globally.

World Food Program

A United Nations agency that combats hunger and provides emergency food aid.

Human Rights Watch

An NGO that monitors abuses and promotes human rights worldwide.

Amnesty International

An NGO that campaigns against political imprisonment, torture, and human rights abuses.

The Red Cross

A humanitarian organization providing medical aid and disaster relief in war zones and emergencies.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

A United Nations agency dedicated to protecting refugees and stateless people.

Non-Governmental Organization

An independent organization that works outside government to provide humanitarian aid, defend rights, or support development.

Internationalism

The belief that nations should cooperate politically and economically through institutions.

Transnationalism

The movement of people, ideas, activism, and organizations across national borders, seen in NGOs and global social movements.

Ethnic Nationalism

A political ideology based on shared ethnicity, often contributing to conflict, statelessness, and refugee crises.

Pope Francis

The leader of the Catholic Church known for emphasizing refugees, poverty, and global human rights.

Desmond Tutu

A South African religious leader and anti-apartheid activist who led the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Divest

To withdraw financial investments from companies or regimes, often used as a protest tactic against apartheid.

Stephen Biko

A South African anti-apartheid activist who promoted Black Consciousness and inspired resistance.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws enforcing segregation in the United States until challenged by civil rights legislation.

Roma

A historically marginalized ethnic minority in Europe often facing discrimination and limited citizenship.

Negritude

A cultural and intellectual movement celebrating Black identity and opposing colonial racism.

Liberation Theology

A Christian movement emphasizing social justice and the rights of the poor, often influencing activism.

Intifada

A Palestinian uprising against Israeli control that highlighted human rights and ethnic nationalism.

9/11

The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks by Al-Qaeda on the United States that led to military intervention.

Al-Qaeda

A militant Islamist organization responsible for the 9/11 attacks.

Osama bin Laden

The leader of Al-Qaeda who organized the 9/11 attacks.

Taliban

An Islamist movement in Afghanistan that sheltered Al-Qaeda and later fought U.S. intervention.

George W. Bush

U.S. president during 9/11 who launched the War on Terror and expanded domestic security.

Islamism

A political ideology seeking to organize government around Islamic principles.

Saddam Hussein

The Iraqi dictator defeated in the Gulf War and later removed during U.S. intervention.

The Gulf War

A 1990-1991 conflict in which forces were expelled from Kuwait.

Operation Enduring Freedom

The U.S.-led military campaign launched after 9/11.

ISIS

A militant extremist group that emerged after instability.

Boko Harem

A militant extremist group linked to Islamist violence.

The Patriot Act

A U.S. law passed after 9/11 that expanded government surveillance powers.

The Department of Homeland Security

A U.S. agency created after 9/11 to coordinate domestic security.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

A United Nations agency that promotes education, cultural preservation, science, and international cooperation.