100 Concepts (51 - 60)

Suprarenal glands are ___ glands with a cortex and medulla

endocrine

Adrenal cortex secretes

Corticosteroids:

- Aldosterone

- Hydrocortisone

- Genital hormones

Where are chromaffin cells located

Adrenal medulla

What do chromaffin cells secrete

Catecholamines:

- Epinephrine

- Norepinephrine

Sympathetic stimulation of catecholamines may be caused by

tumor of adrenal medulla or sympathetic chain ganglai

Sympathetic stimulation of suprarenal glands results in

tachycardia

sweating

high blood pressure

which renal vein is shorter

right

what structures join the left renal vein

left suprarenal vein

left gonadal vein

Where do the right suprarenal and gonadal veins drain

IVC

Enlargement of the pampiniform plexus producing a wormlike scrotal mass and enlargement of hte spermatic cord

Varicocele

Varicoceles are more common on which side

left

Varicoceles may disapear when the patient is

supine

Varicocele may indicate

kidney disease

Retroperitoneal malignancy

Each testicular or ovarian vein is formed by coalescence of

Pampiniform plexus

where is the pampiniform plexus in males

deep inguinal ring

where is the pampiniform plexus in females

Margin of the superior aperture of the pelvis

Where does the left pampiniform plexus drain

left renal vein

where does the right pampiniform plexus drain

IVC

Tunica vaginalis testis is the remnance of

processus vaginalis of peritoneum

Smooth sausage like structure that persists under compression and doesn't disappear in supine position

Hydrocele

In the scrotum, what happens if you shine a light on a hydrocele

transillumination

Testis is pressed by tunica vaginalis against the _____

internal spermatic fascia

External hemorrhoids are derived from

Inferior rectal veins tributaries BELOW the pectinate line

Internal hemorrhoids are derived from

SUPERIOR rectal veins ABOVE the pectinate line

T/F: External hemorrhoids are painful

TRUE

T/F: Internal hemorrhoids are painful

FALSE

Internal hemorrhoids typically develop in

chronic alcoholics due to cirrhosis and portal hypertension syndrome

What forms the deep perineal pouch

Fasciae and muscle of urogenital diaphragm

What does the deep perineal pouch contain

Sphincter urethrae muscle

Deep transverse perineal muscle

Bulbourethral (Cowper) gland -- males only

What does the superficial perineal pouch contain

Ischiocavernosus muscle

Bulbospongiosus muscle

Superficial transverse perineal muscle

What is the ischiocavernous muscle related to in females

Crus of the clitoris

What is the ischiocavernous muscle related to in males

Crus of the penis

What is the Bulbospongiosus muscle related to in females

Bulb of vestibule

What is the Bulbospongiosus muscle related to in males

Bulb of the penis

What is the superficial transverse perineal muscle related to (both genders)

Perineal body

After a crushing blow or a penetrating injury, what commonly ruptures within the bulb of the penis

spongy urethra

After rupture of the spongy urethra, where does urine leak into

Superficial perineal pouch

What structure prevents urine from passing into the thigh or anal triangle

Superficial perineal fascia

What is formed when there is a spread of an infection through the external sphincter ani into the ischiorectal fossa

Ischiorectal abscess

How to treat a ischiorectal abscess

Surgical drainage by wide cruciate incision through the skin of the base of the fossa to avoid fistula formation

What major structure is located at the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa

Pudendal (Alcock's) canal

What is within Pudendal (Alcock's) canal

Pudendal nerve

Internal pudendal artery

Cystocee

hernia of bladder

what is the pelvic floor

levator ani muscle group

What can loss of bladder support (damage to pelvic floor) cause

Protrusion of bladder onto the anterior vaginal wall

Loss of urine when a woman strains or coughs

what is a urachus

distal portion of allantois (connection point between the bladder and umbilical cord)

Main sign of a patent urachus

leakage of urine through the umbilicus

3 main anatomical cases wiht urachus

Fistula

Cyste

Sinus

Free communication between the bladder and umbilicus

Urachal fistula

No connection between the bladder and the umbilicus

Urachal cyst

Pouch opens tward the umbilicus

Urachal sinus

Urine can be removed from the bladder without penetrating the peritoneum by inserting the needle

JUST ABOVE the pubic cymphysis

What does the paramesonephric ducts Mullerian in an embryo become

Uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of the vagina

What does the mesonephric ducts Wolfian in an embryo become

Epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct

What does the embryonic phallus become

Females: Clitoris

Males: Glans and body of penis

What does the embryonic urogenital folds become

Females: Labia minora

Males: Ventral aspect of penis

What does the embryonic Labioscrotal swelling become

Females: Labia majora

Males: Scrotum

Occurs when the urethral folds fail to fuse completely, resulting in the external urethral opening onto the ventral surface of the penis

Hypospadias

What is it called when the penis curves ventrally

Chordee

Occurs when the external urethral orifice opens ontot he dorsal surface of the penis

Epispadias

What is a hypospadias generally associated with

Poorly developed penis that has a chordee

What is an epispadias generally associated with

Exstrophy of the bladder

Where do prostate cancers usually begin

Posterior lobe of the gland

Prostatic malignancies tend to metastasize to

Vertebrae

Brain

Why do prostate tumors met to the vertebrae and brain

Prostatic venous plexus has numerous connections with the vertebral venous plexus via sacral veins

Prostate adenoma usually involves

median lobe

Benign hypertrophy of the prostate commonly causes

urethral obstruction

BPH common signs and symptoms

Nocturia

Dysuria

Urgency

How can prostatectomies be performed

Suprapubic

Perineal

Transurethrally

Side effects of prostatectomies

Impotence (Erectile Dysfunction)

Urinary incontinence

If pelvic splanchnic nerves are injured when pelvic lymph nodes are resected, what can be affected

Autonomic innervation of derivate of hindgut

Widest part of teh male urethra

Prostatic part

How many ejaculatory duct openings are there

2

What is the membranous part of the urogenital diaphragm surrounded by

External sphincter

Shortest, narrowest part of the male urethra

Membranous part

Where do the bulbourethral glands lie

Posterolaterally to the membranous part of the male urethra of the urogenital diaphragm (deep perineal pouch)

What is the longest part of the male urethra

Spongy (penile) part

The spongy (penile) part of the male urethra passes through what parts

bulb and corpus spongiosum of the penis

2 dilatations of the sponge (penile) part of the male urethra

Bulbar fossa

Navicular fossa

Ducts of the bulburethral glands open into

Bulbar fossa

2 sphincterss of hte urethra

Internal

External

The _____ urethral sphincter is made up of smooth muscle in the neck of the bladder and has _____ innervation

internal; sympathetic

The _____ urethral sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle in the membranous part of the urethra and has _____ innervation

external; pudendal nerve