IMMUNOLOGY (MTLE - KLUBSY)

IMMUNOLOGY

Study of the reaction of host when foreign substances are introduced into the body

IMMUNOLOGY

The function of immune system is to recognize self from non-self

EDWARD JENNER (1798)

Discovered Smallpox vaccination

LOUIS PASTEUR (1880-1881)

Discovered Live attenuated, chicken Cholera, and Anthrax vaccine

ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1883-1905)

Discovered Cellular theory of immunity

VON BEHRING (1890)

Discovered Humoral theory of immunity

ROBERT KOCH (1891)

Discovered Delayed type of hypersensitivity

PAUL EHRLICH (1900)

Discovered Antibody formation theory

SALK AND SABIN (1949)

Discovered development of Polio vaccine

1984

Discovery of T cell receptor gene

SUSUMU TONEGAWA (1987)

Discovered Antibody diversity / specificity

• ELIE METCHNIKOFF

• PAUL EHRLICH

Research: Phagocytosis and Immunity

KARL LANDSTEINER

Research: Human Blood group antigens (ABO)

SSR (SPECIFICITY OF SEROLOGICAL REACTION)

Explains the reaction of specific antigen

• GERALD EDELMAN

• RODNEY PORTER

Research: Structure of Antibodies

ROSALYN YALLOW

Research: Radioimmunoassay

• NIELSE JERNE

• GEORGE KOHLER

• CESAR MILSTEIN

Research: Monoclonal Antibody (Hybridoma)

EDWARD JENNER

He discovered the phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent is known as cross-immunity.

VARIOLATION

First written records of immunological experimentation

VARIOLATION

A method of scratching the skin and applying pulverized powder from a smallpox scab

INOCULATION / INJECTION / INHALATION

Variolation can be through?

COWPOX

Vaccinia pertains to?

SMALLPOX

Variola MAJOR pertains to?

ALASTRIM

Variola MINOR pertains to?

ATTENUATED

Live pathogens that have been weakened

INACTIVATED

Killed microorganisms, can safely be given to immunocompromised individuals

TOXOIDS

Bacterial toxins that have been chemically inactivated?

PURIFIED COMPONENTS

Biochemically purified components of a microorganisms?

POLYSACCHARIDE

Biochemically purified polysaccharide from bacterial capsule

RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN

Protein produced by genetically modified non-pathogenic bacteria

VACCINE

An antigen suspension derived form a pathogen

VACCINE

It is a form of immunoprophylaxis

LOUIS PASTEUR or EDWARD JENNER

Father of Vaccine?

SMALLPOX

World’s first successful vaccine?

FOWL CHOLERA VACCINE

First laboratory produced vaccine?

FOWL CHOLERA VACCINE

First live attenuated vaccine?

LIVE, ATTENUATED

MOST immunogenic vaccine?

PURIFIED COMPONENTS

LEAST immunogenic vaccine?

ATTENTUATION

Use of bacteria or viruses that have been weakened through exposure

NATURAL IMMUNITY

Type of immunity which it has the ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.

INNATE IMMUNITY

Natural immunity is also known as?

NATURAL IMMUNITY

What type of immunity does “phagocytosis” produced?

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

Type of immunity which it has resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogens?

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Acquired immunity is also known as?

NATURAL IMMUNITY

What type of immunity is:

• Present at birth, NON-SPECIFIC

• Lacks memory

• Responsible for first and second line of defense in the body

• Encoded in the germline

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

What type of immunity is:

• NOT present at birth, SPECIFIC

• Receptors are generated randomly

• Responsible for third line of defense in the body

NATURAL IMMUNITY

What type of immunity that is IMMEDIATE RESPONSE?

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

What type of immunity that is SLOW (3-5 DAYS) at primary response?

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

This is the EXTERNAL defense system

SLIGHTLY ACIDIC (5.5 - 5.6)

What is the pH of the skin?

1. MECHANICAL BARRIER

2. CHEMICAL BARRIER

3. BIOLOGICAL BARRIER

What are the (3) type of barriers in 1st line of defense?

• SKIN

• MUCOUS MEMBRANE

• CILLIA

• MUCUS

Which of the following are Mechanical barriers of 1st line of defense?

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

This is the INTERNAL defense system

NEUTROPHILS

1st responder of infection?

MACROPHAGE

2nd responder of infection?

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

Line of defense that is part of adaptive immunity

SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE

Function: Biological barriers

LACTIC ACID

Function: Keeps down growth of microorganisms

CILIA

Function: Move pathogen out of respiratory tract

STOMACH ACID

Function: Low pH keeps pathogen from growing

URINE

Function: Flushes out pathogens out of the body

LYSOZYMES

Function: Attack cell walls of pathogens

NORMAL FLORA

Function: Compete with pathogen, produce antimicrobial peptides

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

They are normal serum constituents that increases rapidly by at least 25% due to infection

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

They are indicator of acute inflammation

HEPATOCYTES / RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM (RES)

Acute phase reactants are produced by?

INTERLEUKIN-6

Regulates the production of Acute phase reactants?

• CRP

• SERUM AMYLOID A

Proteins that shows MOST drastic increase up to 1000x?

CRP (COLD-REACTIVE PROTEIN)

A trace constituent of serum originally thought to be an antibody to the c-polysaccharide of the pneumococci?

LIVER

CRP is produced by?

CRP (COLD-REACTIVE PROTEIN)

Protein that is capable of Opsonization (coating of foreign particles)

PHOSPHOCHOLINE

The main substrate of CRP is?

19 HOURS

Serum half-life of CRP?

<1 mg/dL

CDC Criteria for CRP with associated Heart Disease LOW RISK?

1 - 3 mg/dL

CDC Criteria for CRP with associated Heart Disease AVERAGE RISK?

> 3 mg/dL

CDC Criteria for CRP with associated Heart Disease HIGH RISK?

SERUM AMYLOID-A

It is associated with HDL cholesterol, play a role in metabolism of cholesterol

SERUM AMYLOID-A

It has been found to increase significantly more in bacterial infections

SERUM AMYLOID-A

It is thought to contribute to localized inflammation in Coronary Heart Disease

RECURRENT YEAST INFECTION

Lack of Mannan Binding Protein (MBP) has been associated with?

ALPHA 1 ANTI-TRYPSIN

A general plasma inhibitor of protease release from leukocyte, especially esterase

ALPHA 1 ANTI-TRYPSIN

Deficiency can lead to Premature emphysema and Juvenile Cirrhosis

INFLAMMATION

Increase Alpha-1 region in serum protein electrophoresis due to Alpha-1 antitrypsin can lead to?

CERULOPLASMIN

It is the principal of copper-transporting protein in human plasma

FERROXIDASE

Ceruloplasmin acts as a ______ oxidizing iron from Fe2+ to Fe3+

WILSON’S DISEASE

A depletion of Ceruloplasmin is found in

WILSON’S DISEASE

A massive increase of copper in tissues

HAPTOGLOBIN

It binds irreversibly to free hemoglobin released?

INFLAMMATION

Overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by infectious agent

• VASCULAR RESPONSE

• CELLULAR RESPONSE

• RESOLUTION AND REPAIR

What are the (3) stages of Inflammation?

VASODILATION

PRIMARY inflammatory response?

HYPEREMIA (VASODILATION)

Increased blood supply to the infected area?

DIAPEDESIS

The process by which cells are capable of moving from the circulating blood by the tissues by squeezing through the wall of blood vessels?

POLYMORPHONUCLEAR CELLS (PMNs)

Most predominant cells in ACUTE INFLAMMATION?

MACRO / MONOCYTES

Most predominant cells in CHRONIC INFLAMMATION?

WBC EXTRAVASATION

Involves rolling, adhesion, crawling, and finally transmigration (diapedesis)

TRANSMIGRATION (TEM) or DIAPEDESIS

It is the process where leukocytes squeezes in amoeboid fashion across endothelial cells?

1. RUBOR

2. TUMOR

3. CALOR

4. DOLOR

5. FUNCTIO LAESA

What are the (5) Cardinal signs of Inflammation?

RUBOR

What is the 1st sign in Cardinal Signs of Inflammation?

PHAGOCYTOSIS

A cell that digest another cell is known as?