Psychological Development in Children

A collection of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts related to child psychology, disorders, therapies, cognitive development, and intelligence assessment.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A behavior disorder characterized by a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness toward authority figures.

Conduct Disorder (CD)

A more severe behavior disorder involving a pattern of repetitive and persistent violation of the rights of others and major social norms.

Truancy

The action of staying away from school without good reason; absenteeism.

Emotional Regulation Training

Interventions aimed at helping individuals manage their emotions effectively.

Family Therapy

A therapeutic approach that involves the whole family to improve communication and relationships.

Behavior Therapy

A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing specific behaviors through reinforcement.

ADHD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; a behavioral disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.

Symptom Reduction

A goal of treatment aimed at decreasing the severity or frequency of symptoms.

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage

The third stage of Piagetian cognitive development, typically from ages 7 to 12, during which children develop logical thinking.

Spatial Thinking

The ability to visualize and manipulate objects in space and understand relationships between them.

Cause and Effect

Understanding the relationship between actions and their outcomes.

Seriation

The ability to arrange items in order according to a particular attribute, such as size.

Transitive Inference

Understanding relationships between two objects based on their relationship to a third object.

Class Inclusion

Understanding how a whole relates to its parts, recognizing that subclasses can have fewer members than the whole class.

Inductive Reasoning

Logical reasoning that moves from specific observations to broader generalizations.

Deductive Reasoning

Logical reasoning that moves from general premises to specific conclusions.

Conservation

Understanding that quantity doesn't change even when it is arranged differently.

Horizontal Décalage

Piaget's term for the inconsistency in mastering different types of conservation tasks at different ages.

Metamemory

Awareness of one's own memory processes and capabilities.

Mnemonics

Strategies or devices designed to aid memory retention and retrieval.

External Memory Aids

Mnemonic strategies that utilize external tools or devices to assist memory.

Rehearsal

A memory strategy involving conscious repetition of information.

Organization

Creating categories or systems of knowledge to aid memory.

Elaboration

Making mental associations involving items to be remembered.

Psychometric Approach

Assessment methods that measure intelligence and cognitive abilities through standardized tests.

IQ Tests

Standardized tests designed to measure intelligence and predict academic success.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III)

An individual intelligence test for children that yields verbal and performance scores.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

A standardized individual intelligence test that assesses various cognitive abilities.

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC-II)

A nontraditional individual intelligence test aimed at fair assessments of children from diverse backgrounds.

Dynamic Tests

Tests that emphasize a child's potential rather than past learning, based on Vygotsky's theory.

Multiple Intelligences Theory

Howard Gardner's theory suggesting eight distinct forms of intelligence.

Componential Element

The analytical aspect of intelligence as proposed by Sternberg.

Experiential Element

The insightful and creative aspect of intelligence according to Sternberg.

Contextual Element

The practical aspect of intelligence that deals with real-world environments according to Sternberg.

Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT)

An intelligence test designed to measure componential, experiential, and contextual intelligence.

Tacit Knowledge

Information necessary for success that is not formally taught in educational settings.

Culture-Free Test

An ideal intelligence test designed without culturally linked content.

Culture-Fair Test

An intelligence test that aims to minimize cultural bias by focusing on universal experiences.

Phonetic Approach

A reading instruction method emphasizing the relationship between sounds and letters.

Whole Language Approach

A reading instruction method encouraging comprehension and meaning through context.

Reversibility

The understanding that actions can be reversed to return to the original state.

Self-Concept Development

The process through which an individual's understanding of themselves evolves over time.

Neurons

Nerve cells in the brain that process and transmit information.

Selective Attention

The ability to focus on relevant information while ignoring distractions.

Working Memory

The short-term memory system that holds and manipulates information temporarily.

Developmental Psychology

The scientific study of changes and continuities in human behavior across the lifespan.

Behavioral Disorders

Disorders characterized by disruptive, aggressive, or antisocial behaviors.

Cognitive Development

The progression of intellectual capabilities and processing abilities over time.

Emotional Development

The emergence and maturation of emotional awareness and regulation.

Reading Comprehension

The ability to understand and interpret the meaning of written text.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A score derived from standardized tests designed to measure intelligence.

Psychiatric Evaluation

An assessment conducted by a psychiatrist to diagnose mental health conditions.

Behavior Modification

A therapeutic technique aimed at changing undesirable behaviors through reinforcement.

Emotional Disturbance

A condition that manifests as emotional or behavioral problems affecting educational performance.

Self-Regulation

The ability to manage emotions, thoughts, and behaviors effectively.

Coping Skills

Techniques or strategies to manage stress or difficult situations.

Parent Management Training

An intervention focused on educating parents to manage their children's behavioral issues.

School Collaboration

Cooperative efforts between schools and families to address student needs.

Community Involvement

Engagement of local resources to support individual or group needs.

Substance Use

The consumption of alcohol, drugs, or other intoxicating substances.

Delinquency

Minor crime, especially that committed by young people.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by persistent patterns of disregard for others' rights.

Aggression

Hostile or violent behavior towards others.

Social Norms

Expected patterns of behavior that are considered acceptable within a society.

Interventions

Actions taken to improve a situation or condition.

Vygotsky’s Theory

A developmental theory emphasizing the role of social interaction and cultural context in learning.

Psychological Disorders

A range of mental health conditions that affect mood, thinking, and behavior.

Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.

Developmentally Appropriate Practices

Teaching methods that are based on how children develop and learn.

Psychosocial Development

Development that involves psychological and social factors and their impact on development.

Attachment Theory

A psychological model describing the dynamics of long-term interpersonal relationships.

Cognitive Load

The total amount of mental effort being used in working memory.

Academic Performance

The extent to which a student is successful in their educational endeavors.

Peer Relationships

Connections or bonds that individuals form with their counterparts of similar age.

Conflict Resolution

The way in which two or more parties find a peaceful solution to a disagreement.

Resilience

The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or adapt to challenging situations.

Social Skills

The skills we use to communicate and interact with others effectively.