Bio 202- biodiversity UNCW exam 4

Ecdysozoans are _______ along with lophotrochozoans

Protostomes

The defining characteristic of ecdysozoans is

Ecdysis

Ecdysis is?

molting a cuticle

Phylum Nematoda

Microscopic round worms, hydrostatic skeleton, largest number of individuals on the planet

Nematodes are constrained because the blastocoel…?

Is filled with hydrostatic pressure and becomes the pseudocoel

Nematode parasites are different from lophotrochozoan parasites because they lack?

Tegument, they must feed via the mouth

Guinea worms

A species of nematode, parasitic, contracted from eating contaminated eggs or water, female worm emerges from skin to spread eggs

Phylum Arthropoda is considered the ____ phylum because it has ______

Largest phylum (1 million species)

Exoskeleton causes arthropods to be ?

Moderately constrained

Exoskeleton

Thick and hard cuticle made of protein, limestone, and chitin

Growth in arthropods is

Discrete- ecdysis

Apodernes

Allows flexion of the jointed limbs, contracts against exoskeleton

Metameric body

Body regions that are specialized

Arthropods have a _____ blood vascular system

Open

Four subphylum of arthropods

Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Hexapoda (Insecta)

Subphylum Chelicerata

Defined by lack of mandibles, antennae, and external sex organs

What do chelicerates use in place of mandibles?

Chelicerae fangs

Chelicerata have _____ legs and one extra pair called ______

Four walking legs, pedipalps

The three classes of chelicerata are ?

Class merostomata, pycnogonida, and arachnida

Class Merostomata

Horseshoe crabs, living fossil, telson to flip self over with

Class Pycnogonida

Sea spiders, digestive glands + gonads in legs

Class Arachnida

Terrestrial, extracorporeal digestion

The most successful arachnid is ____ because they produce _____

Spiders, webs

Class myriapoda

Head and many segments, no tagmata

Two classes of Myriapods

Class diplopoda and chilopoda

Class diplopoda is known as

Millipedes

Class chilopoda is known as

Centipedes

Diplopod key traits:

Herbivores, slow, thick cuticle, 2 legs per segment

Chilopod key traits:

Predators, fast, thin cuticle, one leg per segment, fangs

Subphylum Crustacea

Biramous appendages, mandibles, two tagmata- Cephalothorax and abdomen, Nauplius larva

Class insecta

Greatest number of described species, uniramous appendages, malpighian tubules, huge land abundance

Body plan of class insecta

Head, thorax, and abdomen

The head of an insect must include ?

Antennae, compound eyes, and mandibles

Respiration in class insecta

Breath via tracheids that flow directly into the muscles, bidirectional spiricule takes in oxygen by diffusion

Malpighian tubules

Excretory system in insects, excrete uric acid and dry waste to conserve water

Flight in insects

Possible due to bistability in exoskeleton, 86% efficiency, non-living structural exoskeleton controlled by longitudinal/indirect flight muscles

Indirect flight muscles contract to make the thorax _____ which makes the wings _____

Flip inwards; go up

Longitudinal muscles contract to make the thorax _____ which makes the wings

Flip back outwards; go down

Sociobiology

The relationship between genetics and behavior

Eusocial behavior in insects like bees or ants is caused by?

Haploid sex determination

How closely related are male bees to the queen bee?

they are direct clones

How closely related are sister bees to each other?

They are more genetically alike (3/4) than if they were to have their own offspring (1/2)

Organisms such as bees ultimately engage in social behavior because they want to spread their …?

Genes

Holometabolous life history

Derived insect life, egg > maggot > pupa > adult

Superphylum Deuterostomia includes all except?

Ecdysozoans

What is the defining characteristic of Echinodermata?

Pentaradial symmetry

Aboral surface means the ?

Top, dorsal side, contains anus

Oral surface means?

Bottom, ventral side, contains mouth

Water vascular system

water moves by internal ampullae, pushes external tube feet for locomotion, also used in respiration

Nervous system in echinoderms

Controls ampullae and tube feet, found directly under vascular system

Pedicellaria

Provides protection of the echinoderm body and can release toxins in some species

Perivisceral coelom

Space in echinoderms, holds the two major organ groups

Pyloric cecum

Cardiac stomach for extracorporeal digestion (echinoderms)

How do grazing echinoderms feed?

Aristotle’s lantern

Echinoderm reproduction is interesting because the juvenile ____ the larva that produced it

Eats

What phylum has the least constrained body plan?

Chordata

Three subphyla of Chordata?

Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata

Notochord

endoskeleton for muscles, protects the dorsal nerve cord, becomes boney in vertebrates

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

Controls muscles, includes brain, becomes spinal cord in vertebrates

Pharyngeal gill slits

Open to outside, feeding and respiration, become other structures in vertebrates

Endostyle

Generates mucus for feeding, thyroid gland in vertebrates

Post-anal tail

Used for propulsion, vestigial structure in humans (tailbone)

Lancelets

Subphylum Cephalochordata

What is the defining characteristic of subphylum cephalochordata?

Adults retain all 5 features of a chordate

How do cephalochordates feed?

Filter feeding by passing water over pharyngeal gill slits

Reproduction in cephalochordata

Segmented gonads, Gametes shed directly into atrium and out atriopore

What is the defining characteristic of subphylum Urochordata?

Loss of adult chordate features and greater filter feeding adaptations

Three classes under urochordata

Class Ascidiacea, Class Thaliacea, and Class Appendicularia

Class Ascidiacea

Sea squirts, can be colonial, tadpole larva with all 5 chordate features, sessile as adults

What two features do urochordates retain as adults?

Pharyngeal gill slits and endostyle for feeding

How is class ascidiacea useful for man?

Produce antitumor agent Yondelis

Class Thaliacea

Planktonic water columns, can be colonial, 3 orders with complex life histories, can grow very large and quick

Class Appendicularia

Planktonic, retain all chordate features, build tiny mucus houses that contribute to the carbon cycle

Protandric hermaphrodites

Class Appendicularia, die when giving birth

Marine snow

Mucus houses that fall to the bottom of the ocean after Appendicularia has used it

Subphylum Vertebrata

Vertebral column, Cranium, Neural crest, and endoskeleton

Vertebral column

notochord replaced by column of interlocking vertebrae

Neural crest

embryonic cells, contribute to development of the cranium

How many extant classes are there in vertebrata?

5

How did the vertebrate evolve?

Notochord to vertebrae, bones, greater respiratory and nervous system, paired pectoral and posterior fins, development of jaws

How did Jaws develop?

Modified cartilaginous gill arches (numbers 3 and 4)

Class Myxini

Hagfish, Lack jaws, scavengers (eat dead whales), secret mucus as defense

Class petromyzontida

Lampreys, Lack jaws, sucker mouth and many teeth, ammocoetes larva

Class Chondrichthyes

Sharks and rays, Has jaws, Cartilaginous, pectoral fins, placoid scales adapted to form teeth, no swim bladder

Chondrichthyes reproduction

Osmoregulation requires copulation and shelled eggs

Class Actinopterygii

Ray finned fish, Has jaws, Homocercal caudal fin, operculum coverers gills, swim bladder

What makes Class Actinopterygii unique?

Posterior fin without bones, adapted to all aquatic environments

Boney fish include?

Class actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, as well as the tetrapods

Boney fish reproduction differs from cartilaginous fish because?

Osmoregulation permits free-spawning and planktonic development

Class Sarcopterygii

Lobe-finned fishes, 8 species, has jaws, Diphycercal caudal fin - Strong, fleshy lobed fins – lineage gave rise to tetrapods

Lungfish

Evolved swim bladder, living fossil- Coelacanth species

What evolution causes tetrapods?

Pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs originated for balance in swimming but aided on movement to land

When did vertebrates make it to land and why?

Devonian period- 400 mya, vascular plants, molluscs, and arthropods available to eat

Important adaptations for land dwelling

Limbs and lungs, temperature regulation and prevention of desiccation

Why are lungs needed?

Oxygen content higher in air than water

Tetrapod classes

Class amphibia, reptilia, and mammalia

Class Amphibia

Three suborders - Salamanders, frogs, and caecilians, 4 limbs, Lungs with internal nostrils, Metamorphosis of aquatic

larvae to terrestrial adult, Ectothermic

What is unique about amphibian sensory system?

Lateral-line system

Amphibian brain development

Forebrain for olfaction, midbrain for vision, and hindbrain for hearing and balance

Vascular system in amphibians

3-chambered heart- Mixed circulation where oxygenated blood returns to heart and mixes with deoxygenated blood