DIVISIONS OF SKELETAL ANATOMY

Axial Skeleton

bones situated along the longitudinal axis of the body Ex. Skull, Vertebral Column, Ribs, Sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

bones of the anterior and posyterior limbs

Shoulder, Arm, Forearm, Manus

parts of Anterior LImb

Hip, Thigh, True Leg, Pes

parts of Posterior Limb

Scapula, Clavicle, Coaracoid

bones of shoulder. They are well developed bones in chicken however blank are rudimentary structure in the form of blank process in mammals

Humerus

bone of arm

Radius and Ulna

bones of forearm

Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges

bones of Manus

Pelvic Girdle (os coxae): Ischium, Ilium, Pubis

bone of hip and its components

Femur

bone of thigh

Tibia, Fibula

bones of True Leg: Crus

Tarsal, Metatarsal, Phalanges

bones of Pes

Splanchnic Bones

bones present in viscera or soft internal organs

Os penis “Baculum”, Os rostri, Os cordis, Os clitoridis

Examples of Splanchnic Bones

Os penis “Baculum”

bone present in the penis of dog’s and cat’s. It is the reason why erection is not necessary in order to penetrate the female reproductive tract.

Os rostri

square-shaped bone present in the snout of pig

Os cordis

bone at the level of cardiac septum in heart of ox

Os clitoris

abnormal bone associated with hormonal imblance in female cat’s

Perforation, Projection, Depression

3 any openings in the bones (small or large) (??)

Projection

prominences/eminence/process. The protruding part on the surface of the bone

Depression

any concavaties in surface of bone

Perforation

any openings in the bones

Articular Projection

Non-Articular Projection

Articular Depression

Non-Articular Depression

Head

type of articular projection that has a round enlargement at the end of the bone. It may be connected to the shaft by a part called neck

Condyle

articular eminence that somewhat cylindrical

Epicondyle

non-articular projection at the side of the condyle

Facet

usually flat, some are protruding. It is commonly found in vertebra, applied to articular surface of small extent, especially if they are not extremely concave or convex

Tuberosity

non-articular projection that is large, round and usually found in large animals

Tubercle

non-articular projection that is small, round and usually found in small animals

Trochanter

non-articular projection that is the opposite of the head. It is applied to few, non articular prominence

Spine

non-articular projection that is tallest, and most pointed

Crest

non-articular projection that has prominently sharp ridge

Line

non-articular projection that has very small ridge

Ridges

general term, they are small somewhat sharp, elongated projection Ex Line and Crest.

Glenoid Cavity

articular depression. It is the base of scapula and is shallow Head of humerus articulates here

Cotyloid Cavity

Deeper articular depression. In Os coxae and head of femur articulates here

Fovea

small articular depression and is a distinguishing feature of femur, not found in humerus (central fovea). It is also a depression in the head

Trochlea

pully like articular depression that has 2 ridges beside it. Central Depression. If articular, it can be classified under articular projections because of the two lateral epicondyles

Fossa

large non-articular depression

Groove

long, non-articular depression

Sulcus (pl.: Sulci)

inner surface of the skull depression form with gyri. It conforms with the brain inside. It articulates with the sulci and gyris of the skull

Sulci of the brin

in Sulcus, it is the depression in between

Gyris

in Sulcus, these are the protrusions/projections

Sulci

in Sulcus, these are the depressions

impression

non-articular depression by mechanical compression

Dental Impression

type of impression formed by lower canine in dogs

Foramen

type of perforation that is usually small, relatively shorter opening Ex. Vertebrlal foramen

Canal

perforations that has relatively longer opening

Fissure

perforation that has bigger and larger opening. Ex palatine Fissure

Bulla/Bullae

non-articular projection that is hollow and bony

Auditory Tympanic Bulla

houses the middle and inner ear

Petrous Bone

Forms the bony foundation of Bulla/Bullae

Jugum/Juga

non-articular projection that acts as a connecting ridge. Effect of it is outgrowth instead of ingrowth

Alveolar Juga

present in dogs located in the upper molar which is pushed by mechanical compression

Notch

non-articular depression that is constricted. It connects a process to the main body of bone or arch to the body in the case of vertebra. Neck can also be classified under this category